Source Areas as a Key Factor Contributing to the Recovery Time of Controlled Feral Pigeon (Columba livia var. domestica) Colonies in Low-Density Urban Locations.

Today, governments and administrations strive to minimise issues associated with Feral Pigeon (Columba livia var. domestica) colonies in urban areas. Scientific evidence has demonstrated that control measures are ineffective in the long term, and colonies recover rapidly. Most scientific research has occurred under high-density circumstances, primarily in large city centres. Moreover, very few studies have been conducted in residential zones or suburban areas where colony densities are lower, but where Feral Pigeons generate the same issues. In this study, we analysed the recovery time of Feral Pigeon colonies in 11 buildings in low-density urban areas where control campaigns were previously conducted to reduce their abundance. Recovery times were highly variable among the buildings (50−3072 days). Distance to the nearest uncontrolled colony of Feral Pigeons, i.e., a source area, was the primary factor that contributed to recovery time, which significantly increased with increasing distance to source colonies. Thus, buildings closest to the Pigeons' source areas (<500 m) were recolonised more rapidly than were buildings that were >500 m away from source areas. Our findings highlight the relevance of identifying an effective management unit for the implementation of control programmes to reduce immigration rates and increase long-term effects.

From axiomatics of quantum probability to modelling geological uncertainty and management of intelligent hydrocarbon reservoirs with the theory of open quantum systems.

As was recently shown by the authors, quantum probability theory can be used for the modelling of the process of decision-making (e.g. probabilistic risk analysis) for macroscopic geophysical structures such as hydrocarbon reservoirs. This approach can be considered as a geophysical realization of Hilbert's programme on axiomatization of statistical models in physics (the famous sixth Hilbert problem). In this conceptual paper, we continue development of this approach to decision-making under uncertainty which is generated by complexity, variability, heterogeneity, anisotropy, as well as the restrictions to accessibility of subsurface structures. The belief state of a geological expert about the potential of exploring a hydrocarbon reservoir is continuously updated by outputs of measurements, and selection of mathematical models and scales of numerical simulation. These outputs can be treated as signals from the information environment E The dynamics of the belief state can be modelled with the aid of the theory of open quantum systems: a quantum state (representing uncertainty in beliefs) is dynamically modified through coupling with E; stabilization to a steady state determines a decision strategy. In this paper, the process of decision-making about hydrocarbon reservoirs (e.g. 'explore or not?'; 'open new well or not?'; 'contaminated by water or not?'; 'double or triple porosity medium?') is modelled by using the Gorini-Kossakowski-Sudarshan-Lindblad equation. In our model, this equation describes the evolution of experts' predictions about a geophysical structure. We proceed with the information approach to quantum theory and the subjective interpretation of quantum probabilities (due to quantum Bayesianism).This article is part of the theme issue 'Hilbert's sixth problem'.

Properties of Concrete Paving Blocks and Hollow Tiles with Recycled Aggregate from Construction and Demolition Wastes.

In recent years there has been an increasing tendency to recycle the wastes generated by building companies in the construction industry, demolition wastes being the most important in terms of volume. The aim of this work is to study the possibility of using recycled aggregates from construction and demolition wastes in the preparation of precast non-structural concretes. To that purpose, two different percentages (15% and 30%) of natural aggregates were substituted by recycled aggregates in the manufacture of paving blocks and hollow tiles. Dosages used by the company have not been changed by the introduction of recycled aggregate. Precast elements have been tested by means of compressive and flexural strength, water absorption, density, abrasion, and slipping resistance. The results obtained show the possibility of using these wastes at an industrial scale, satisfying the requirements of the Spanish standards for these elements.

Quantum Bayesian perspective for intelligence reservoir characterization, monitoring and management.

The paper starts with a brief review of the literature about uncertainty in geological, geophysical and petrophysical data. In particular, we present the viewpoints of experts in geophysics on the application of Bayesian inference and subjective probability. Then we present arguments that the use of classical probability theory (CP) does not match completely the structure of geophysical data. We emphasize that such data are characterized by contextuality and non-Kolmogorovness (the impossibility to use the CP model), incompleteness as well as incompatibility of some geophysical measurements. These characteristics of geophysical data are similar to the characteristics of quantum physical data. Notwithstanding all this, contextuality can be seen as a major deviation of quantum theory from classical physics. In particular, the contextual probability viewpoint is the essence of the Växjö interpretation of quantum mechanics. We propose to use quantum probability (QP) for decision-making during the characterization, modelling, exploring and management of the intelligent hydrocarbon reservoir Quantum Bayesianism (QBism), one of the recently developed information interpretations of quantum theory, can be used as the interpretational basis for such QP decision-making in geology, geophysics and petroleum projects design and management.This article is part of the themed issue 'Second quantum revolution: foundational questions'.

Cariogenicidad de desayunos institucionalizados y CPO/D- ceo/d en escolares expuestos y no expuestos al programa preventivo escolar en el periodo 2015 / Cariogenicity of institutionalized breakfasts and CPO / D-ceo / d in schoolchildren exposed and not exposed to the school preventive program in the period 2015

Objetivo: Comparar la Cariogenicidad de desayunos institucionalizados y CPO/D-ceo/d en escolares expuestos y no expuestos al Programa Preventivo Escolar (PPE) en el periodo 2015. Metodología: El diseño corresponde a un estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal, que comparó escolares expuestos y no expuestos al PPE. La población fue de 450 escolares, de 12 centros educativos del área metropolitana de San Salvador, con edades entre 8 y 10 años; durante el periodo de junio a julio de 2015. Las principales variables estudiadas fueron la Cariogenicidad de los desayunos escolares según los criterios modificados de Vipelhom, el CPO-D/ceo-d con base a criterios ICDAS y el nivel de conocimiento sobre los alimentos cariogénicos de los encargados en su preparación. Para la recolección de datos se utilizó una cédula de entrevista, una ficha bucoepidemiológica y un diario de ingesta de alimentos. Y fueron procesados en el Programa SPSS Versión 18 y en S-DENT, como prueba estadística se empleó T de Student como medida de asociación. Resultados: Los alimentos del grupo 2 y 3, según la escala modificada de Vipelhom son los más consumidos por ambos grupos; los del grupo 2 con un 46.84% en escolares no expuestos y el 49% en los escolares expuestos y de los del grupo 3 con un 41.57% en escolares no expuestos y el 40% en los escolares expuestos. El promedio de índice CPO-D/ceo-d en escolares no expuestos y expuestos al PPE, fue de 7.7 y de 6.9, respectivamente. No encontrándose una diferencia significativa entre ambos grupos (p=0.29). Los alimentos líquidos azucarados no adhesivos, son los más consumidos entre ambos grupos, con un 47.95%. La prevalencia de caries dental, en los escolares expuestos al PPE es de 91.80% y del 91.75% en los escolares no expuestos, solo el 8.22% de la población en estudio está libre de caries. Conclusiones: Los resultados obtenidos, demuestran que no existe una diferencia significativa en el CPO-D/ceo-d en base a criterios ICDAS en escolares expuestos y no expuestos al PPE y beneficiados con los desayunos escolares. Los desayunos institucionalizados ingeridos por los escolares expuestos y no expuestos al PPE según su Cariogenicidad corresponden a los alimentos del grupo 2 y 3. La prevalencia de caries dental en ambos grupos es elevada (91.78%), solo una poca población está libre de caries con (8.22%). El nivel de conocimiento que presentan los encargados de preparar los desayunos a los escolares expuestos y no expuestos al PPE está en un nivel MEDIO (66.66%).

Objective: Compare between the cariogenicity of primary school meals and the CPO/D-ceo/d in students exposed and not exposed to Preventive School Program (PSP) in 2015. Methodology: The design corresponds to an observational descriptive crosssectional study that compared exposed and not exposed students to PPE. The population was 450 students between 8 and 10 years old among 12 primary schools in the metropolitan area in San Salvador between June and July 2015. The principal variable studied was the cariogenicity of primary schools meals according to the VIPELHOM's modified criteria, the CPO-D/ceo-d based on criteria ICDAS and the level of knowledge of people who prepared the cariogenic food. For the data collection, it was necessary an interview, a medical register and a diary of food ingest. All this information was processed in SPSS program version 18 and S-DENT as a statistic test was used T from Student like association media. Results: According with scale of VIPELHOM the meals from the group 2 and 3 are the most consumed from both groups, the group two with 46. 84 % in students not exposed and the 49% in students exposed. The group three with a 41.57% in students not exposed and the 4O% in students exposed. The average index CPO-D/ceo-d in students exposed and not exposed to PPE was 7.7 and 6.9 as a consequence. An important difference wasn't found between both groups (p=0.29) the liquid sugar non adhesive (beverages) are the most popular between both groups with a 47.95%. The currency of cavities in students exposed to PPE is about 91.80% and 91.75 % in students not exposed and only the 8.22% of the population in this study was free from cavities. Conclusions: the results obtained show that there isn't an important difference in the CPO-D/ceo-d based on ICDAS criteria in students exposed and not exposed to PPE holder with the school meals. The ingest of institutionalized school meals for students exposed and not exposed to PPE according with the cariogenicity correspond to food from the group 2 and 3. The prevalence of cavities in both groups is high (91.78) only a minimal part of the population is free from cavities with (8.22%) the level of knowledge shown by the people in charge of the preparation of this school meals for students exposed and not exposed to PPE are in a middle level (66.66).

Arteria radial superficial en la fosa cubital: importancia anátomo-clínica / Superficial radial artery in the cubital fossa: its anatomical and clinical importance

Generalmente las arterias se encuentran situadas profundamente en relación a la fascia superficial y a los músculos. Sin embargo, en algunos sitios las arterias se encuentran sólo separadas de la piel por la fascia superficial. En otras ocasiones, arterias que normalmente son profundas, presentan un trayecto superficial subfascial. Estas variaciones anatómicas adquieren importancia clínica, ya que pueden ser confundidas por venas, especialmente en los sitios más frecuentes de punción venosa, como la fosa cubital. Prsentamos un caso de arteria radial superficial bilateral a nivel de la fosa cubital, encontrada en una disección de rutina, en la Unidad de Anatomía de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de la Frontera, Temuco, Chile. La arteria braquial se dividió en el tercio proximal del brazo, en las arterias superficial y alnar. La arteria radial superficial se encontró cubierta, a nivel de la fosa cubital, en ambos miembros, por un desdoblamiento de la aponeurosis bicipital que la separaba de la vena intermedia del codo (tipo II) y del nervio mediano y arteria ulnar, localizados más profundamente

Origen de la arteria femoral profunda / Origin of the femoral deep artery

La arteria femoral profunda es el vaso más importante de la región femoral, otorgando irrigación a la mayor parte del muslo. El conocimiento anatómico más detallado de ella es importante, debido a las frecuentes intervenciones quirúrgicas que se realizan, tanto en reconstrucciones vasculares primarias como secundarias. Fueron disecados 50 miembros inferiores, de cadáveres formolizados, adultos, de sexo masculino y diferentes grupos étnicos, en las disciplinas de anatomía descriptiva y topográfica de la Universidad Federal de Sao Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina y Universidad de la Frontera, Chile. Se disecó el trifono femoral y sus elementos vasculares, reconociendo las arterias femoral profunda y circunflejas femorales medial y lateral. La distancia media entre el ligamento inguinal y el origen de la arteria femoral profunda, fue de 38,88 mm. En el 40 por ciento de los casos su origen se encontraba entre 36 y 45 mm distal al ligamento inguinal. La arteria femoral se originó en el 44 por ciento de la parte posterolateral de la arteria femoral; en el 34 por ciento de la parte posterior; en el 12 por ciento de la parte posteromedial; en el 8 por ciento de la parte lateral y en el 2 por ciento de la parte medial de la arteria femoral. En el 34 por ciento de los casos, la arteria femoral profunda da origen, separadamente a las arterias circunflejas femorales medial y lateral. En el 32 por ciento la arteria femoral origina sólo a la arteria circunfleja femoral lateral y en el 20 por ciento sólo a la arteria circunfleja femoral medial, existiendo además porcentajes menores para otros orígenes. Las variaciones del origen de la arteria femoral profunda, son importantes para el cirujano vascular, permitiéndole tener un conocimiento morfométrico y anatomo-quirúrgico de la región y enfrentar con mayor seguridad las reconstrucciones vasculares que se realizan en la región

Músculo pectoral tercero / Tertius pectoralis muscle

Se presenta una variación muscular, poco frecuente, de un fascículo independiente del músculo pectoral mayor, con origen en el tórax e inserción en el miembro superior. El fascículo muscular, de presentación bilateral, denominado músculo pectoral tercero, ha sido encontrado en dos individuos adultos, de sexo masculino, disecados durante las clases de anatomía topográfica, en la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de La Frontera