Factors associated with COVID-19 vaccination in Belize.

Background: We analyzed the factors associated with vaccine uptake, vaccination intention, and reasons for vaccine hesitancy in Belize. Methods: We collected a nationally representative household survey of the population in Belize aged 15 years and older (September-October 2021). We compared potential correlates between vaccinated and unvaccinated people using Chi-square tests. Then, we performed logistic regression analysis to identify factors associated with vaccination uptake among all respondents and vaccination intention among the unvaccinated. Results: Our analysis included data from 1261 interviews. Nearly four out of every five people reported being vaccinated, having received at least one dose. Adolescents and young adults were more likely to be unvaccinated. Significant differences were observed for most behavioral variables. Among the 41.7% of the unvaccinated respondents who said they would probably not or definitely not get vaccinated, the primary reason for their hesitation was fear of side effects. Additionally, almost one third of the unvaccinated individuals expressed a lack of trust in vaccines. Factors associated with increased likelihood of vaccination were efficacy beliefs, self-efficacy and vaccine attitudes. People who believed it was easy to get a vaccine were over 23 times (OR 23.63 [95% CI: 14.21-39.27]) more likely to be vaccinated, while those who believed in vaccine safety were 2.57 times [OR 95% CI: 1.52-4.35] more likely to be vaccinated. Among the unvaccinated, factors associated with intention to get vaccinated were self-identifying as Garifuna and having clear efficacy beliefs. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first study describing factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine uptake and vaccine hesitancy in Belize. Our findings revealed that accessibility has been the primary limitation in increasing vaccine coverage, and <7% of the eligible population have been strong vaccine deniers. To enhance vaccine uptake, targeted outreach efforts are necessary to address access barriers. Our results call for increased efforts improving self-efficacy, efficacy beliefs, and perceived norms.

Qualitative study of in-kind incentives to improve healthcare quality in Belize: Is quality work better than wealth?

BACKGROUND: There is a sparsity of knowledge of the specific mechanisms through which financial and non-financial incentives impact the performance of health teams. This study aims to address this knowledge gap by examining an in-kind incentives program for healthcare teams implemented in three districts in Belize (2012-2022) as part of the Salud Mesoamerica Initiative, which aimed to improve healthcare quality. METHODS: We performed a qualitative study to understand the mechanisms through which the in-kind incentive program supported quality improvement in Belize. We conducted key informant interviews (April-June 2021) remotely on a sample of former and current healthcare workers from Belize's Ministry of Health and Wellness familiar with the program. We analyzed responses using qualitative content analysis. We used open coding to identify patterns and themes. RESULTS: We conducted eight key informant interviews from a pool of thirty potential informants. Our analysis of the interviews yielded a total of 11 major themes with 27 subthemes. Most informants reported that in-kind incentives were not the primary motivation for improving their performance, though they did acknowledge that incentives had increased their attention on the quality of care provided. Conversely, we found that quarterly measurements and supportive supervision by national level authorities offered an external validation mechanism and instilled frontline staff with a sense of shared responsibility towards improving their performance. The majority of informants conveyed positive opinions about the in-kind incentives program. CONCLUSIONS: Our study contributes to the understanding of how in-kind incentives can enhance performance. We found that in-kind incentives created extrinsic motivation, leading to an increased focus on quality. Standardized measurements and supportive supervision improved intrinsic motivation and formed a stronger commitment to quality of care. Rather than focusing on tangible incentives, explicitly incorporating standardized measurements and supportive supervision in the routine work of the Ministry of Health could have longer lasting effects on quality improvement.

Protecting households from catastrophic health spending.

Many countries rely heavily on patients' out-of-pocket payments to providers to finance their health care systems. This prevents some people from seeking care and results in financial catastrophe and impoverishment for others who do obtain care. Surveys in eighty-nine countries covering 89 percent of the world's population suggest that 150 million people globally suffer financial catastrophe annually because they pay for health services. Prepayment mechanisms protect people from financial catastrophe, but there is no strong evidence that social health insurance systems offer better or worse protection than tax-based systems do.