On the Defensive: Identity, Language, and Partisan Reactions to Political Scandal.

We investigated how individuals judge politicians embroiled in scandal. Drawing on social identity and realistic group conflict theory, we predicted that beyond an overall ingroup bias, partisans would be particularly forgiving of in-party politicians who denied or justified their misconduct rather than apologize for it. By insisting that they did nothing wrong, these politicians defend the public image of their party and signal their commitment to partisan goals. We find qualified support for this prediction across three experiments. Participants did not respond negatively to in-party politicians who apologized but did react more positively to those who denied or justified wrongdoing (relative to silence). These accounts worked only for in-party politicians and were more effective for those whose misconduct furthered their party's agenda or whose seat was high-status or pivotal for party goals. In intergroup contexts like politics, people may accept explanations for misconduct that they would otherwise find offensive.

Cultural Inertia: Framework of Change and Intergroup Relations.

Cultural change is theorized to generate intergroup hostility. Three experiments apply the Cultural Inertia Model to test the effects of change on intergroup relations. Two predictions of cultural inertia were tested: (a) cultures at rest tend to stay at rest and (b) individual difference variables function as psychological anchors. In static societies, perceived change leads to greater threat (Experiment 1), endorsement of anti-immigration legislation (Experiment 1), and collective angst (Experiments 1 and 2). Perceptions of change in static societies lead to more fear-related emotional reactions (Experiment 3). Framing cultural change as continuous rather than abrupt may be a solution for reducing negative reactions caused by cultural change (Experiments 2 and 3). Individual difference factors function as anchors that cement individuals in a state of uniformity (Experiment 2). The findings demonstrate that social interactions rely on perceptions toward change and individual difference factors that anchor one's willingness to accept change.

Individual and contextual moderators of the relationship between authoritarianism and religiosity.

Social scientists have devoted much attention to explaining individual and contextual variation in religiosity. Among other things, authoritarianism is reliably found to be associated with greater religiosity. Though education and human development are often thought to reduce religiosity, we show in this study that the relationship between authoritarianism and various indices of religiosity is stronger in the presence of greater educational attainment and living in a society with a higher level of human development. Using two large cross-cultural data sets from the World Values Survey, we find evidence that authoritarianism is more strongly associated with religious involvement and practice among individuals at higher levels of education and individuals living in societies with higher level of human development. Thus, we demonstrate that the connection between authoritarianism and religiosity is contingent on both individual-level and societal moderators.

When the personal is political: Ethnic identity, ally identity, and political engagement among Indigenous people and people of color.

OBJECTIVES: The present mixed-methods study examines allyship as a politicized collective identity and its associations with ethnic identity, personality traits, and sociopolitical engagement among IPPOC. METHOD: Participants in two samples in 2016 (n = 256) and 2017 (n = 305) completed measures of ally identity, ethnic identity, personality traits, and political engagement. RESULTS: Results indicate two factors of ally identity (ally beliefs and behaviors). Quantitative findings suggest a) ethnic identity exploration predicts ally beliefs and behaviors, b) extraversion predicts ally behaviors, while agreeableness and neuroticism predicts ally beliefs, and c) ally beliefs and behaviors predict awareness, while ethnic identity exploration predicts involvement in political action, even when personality traits are considered. Thematic analysis findings suggest IPPOC allies are politically engaged through social media, individual actions, protests, and civic engagement. CONCLUSIONS: Ethnic and ally identity provide different paths to sociopolitical awareness and involvement. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

[Prevalence of auditory neuropathy: prospective study in a tertiary-care center]. / Prevalencia de la neuropatía auditiva: estudio prospectivo en un hospital de tercer nivel.

OBJECTIVE: The primary goal of this study is to determine the frequency of onset of this disorder in our infant population. Its clinical importance is due, among other reasons, to the fact that idiopathic cases constitute false negatives in the auditory screening programmes based on the performance of otoacoustic emissions to all newborn children and brainstem auditory evoked response only to those presenting these risk factors, for which reason another goal is to establish the prevalence of these pure cases and the diagnostic delay they cause. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Prospective study of all newborn children at the Virgen de la Arrixaca Mother and Child Hospital (Murcia, Spain) in the period between June 1, 2000 and June 30, 2006. RESULTS: Our screening programme, with a coverage of 95.68 %, detected 114 patients with unilateral or bilateral sensorineural hearing loss, with 6 presenting hearing loss attributable to auditory neuropathy. CONCLUSIONS: The estimated prevalence of auditory neuropathy in our infant population turned out to be 1406 for every 10 000 children, ie 5.26 % of all sensorineural hearing loss diagnosed. Another significant finding was the delay in diagnosis, since the mean age at the moment of diagnosis was of 11.5 months, mainly due to idiopathic cases not detected during neonatal screening. Two clear conclusions can be inferred from these data: a) auditory neuropathy does not constitute an extraordinarily rare disorder, and b) idiopathic cases constitute false negatives in the universal auditory screening programmes based on the performance of otoacoustic emissions, which habitually leads to a delay in diagnosis and treatment.

Prevalencia de la neuropatía auditiva: estudio prospectivo en un hospital de tercer nivel / Prevalence of auditory neuropathy: prospective study in a tertiary-care center

Objetivo: El objetivo principal de este estudio es determinar la frecuencia de aparición de este trastorno en nuestra población infantil. Su importancia clínica se debe, entre otros motivos, a que sus casos idiopáticos son falsos negativos de los programas de cribado auditivo basados en la realización de otoemisiones acústicas a todos los recién nacidos y potenciales evocados auditivos de tronco cerebral sólo de los que presentan dichos factores de riesgo, por lo que otro objetivo es la prevalencia de estos casos puros y el retraso diagnóstico que ocasionan. Pacientes y método: Estudio prospectivo de todos los recién nacidos del Hospital Materno-Infantil Virgen de la Arrixaca (Murcia) en el período comprendido entre el 1 de junio del 2000 y el 30 de junio del 2006. Resultados: Nuestro programa de cribado, con un índice de cobertura del 95,68 %, detectó a 114 niños con hipoacusia neurosensorial unilateral o bilateral, de los que 6 presentaron una hipoacusia neurosensorial atribuible a la neuropatía auditiva. Conclusiones: La prevalencia estimada de la neuropatía auditiva en nuestra población infantil resultó ser de 1,406 cada 10.000 niños, es decir, un 5,26 % de todas las hipoacusias neurosensoriales diagnosticadas. Otro dato relevante es el retraso diagnóstico, ya que la media de edad al momento del diagnóstico fue de 11,5 meses, fundamentalmente por los casos idiopáticos que pasaron el cribado neonatal. De estos datos podemos deducir 2 claras conclusiones: a) la neuropatía auditiva no es un trastorno extraordinariamente raro, y b) los casos idiopáticos son falsos negativos de los programas de cribado auditivo universal basados en la realización de otoemisiones acústicas, lo que habitualmente conduce a un retraso diagnóstico y, por lo tanto, terapéutico

Objective: The primary goal of this study is to determine the frequency of onset of this disorder in our infant population. Its clinical importance is due, among other reasons, to the fact that idiopathic cases constitute false negatives in the auditory screening programmes based on the performance of otoacoustic emissions to all newborn children and brainstem auditory evoked response only to those presenting these risk factors, for which reason another goal is to establish the prevalence of these pure cases and the diagnostic delay they cause. Patients and method: Prospective study of all newborn children at the Virgen de la Arrixaca Mother and Child Hospital (Murcia, Spain) in the period between June 1, 2000 and June 30, 2006. Results: Our screening programme, with a coverage of 95.68 %, detected 114 patients with unilateral or bilateral sensorineural hearing loss, with 6 presenting hearing loss attributable to auditory neuropathy. Conclusions: The estimated prevalence of auditory neuropathy in our infant population turned out to be 1406 for every 10 000 children, ie 5.26 % of all sensorineural hearing loss diagnosed. Another significant finding was the delay in diagnosis, since the mean age at the moment of diagnosis was of 11.5 months, mainly due to idiopathic cases not detected during neonatal screening. Two clear conclusions can be inferred from these data: a) auditory neuropathy does not constitute an extraordinarily rare disorder, and b) idiopathic cases constitute false negatives in the universal auditory screening programmes based on the performance of otoacoustic emissions, which habitually leads to a delay in diagnosis and treatment