Impact of household hygiene and water source on the prevalence and transmission of Helicobacter pylori: a South Indian perspective.

INTRODUCTION: In developing countries, the Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection rate is high, especially in lower socioeconomic groups. The populace in developing countries lives in conditions that are highly conducive to the acquisition of microorganisms. Poor hygiene, crowded household conditions and deficient sanitation mark their day-to-day life. We aimed to find out the roles of household hygiene and water source in the prevalence and transmission of H. pylori infection among the South Indian population using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. METHODS: The selected population consisted of 500 adults of varying ages ranging from 30 to 79 years, with upper gastrointestinal tract symptoms. Each participant in the study was given a questionnaire to complete. Samples to assess H. pylori infection included three gastric biopsies (two from the antrum and one from the corpus region). Infection was detected by PCR amplification of the 16S rRNA gene of H. pylori. The data was then examined statistically by univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of H. pylori was detected to be 80 percent. Prevalence increased with an increase in age and it was found to be 90 percent in the 70-79 year age group (p-value is less than 0.01). The prevalence of infection among people who drank water from wells was 92 percent compared with 74.8 percent of those who drank tap water (p-value is less than 0.001). H. pylori infection prevalence was found to be higher in people with low clean water index (CWI) (88.2 percent) than in those with higher CWI (33.3 percent) (p-value is less than 0.001). While the prevalence of H. pylori in the subjects with lower socioeconomic status was 86.1 percent, in higher groups, it was 70 percent (p-value is less than 0.001). The prevalence of H. pylori was also found to be higher in subjects who lived in overcrowded houses. It was 83.7 percent with high crowding index, 76.6 percent with medium crowding index, and 71.3 percent with low crowding index (p-value is less than 0.05). CONCLUSION: The results of the present study suggest that the risk of acquisition and transmission of H. pylori can be prevented to a large extent by following improved household hygienic practices, proper waste disposal measures as well as the regular use of boiling water for drinking purposes.

Prevalence study to elucidate the transmission pathways of Helicobacter pylori at oral and gastroduodenal sites of a South Indian population.

INTRODUCTION: Since the discovery of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), much progress has been made worldwide in the field of its epidemiology. In spite of these advancements, many aspects of epidemiology still remain unclear, particularly among populations with low socio-economic status. The present study was designed to elucidate the different routes of transmission of H. pylori in the Hyderabad (South India) population and to investigate the impact of certain factors, such as age, gender, and lifestyle. METHODS: Samples used for the study included saliva and biopsy samples of 400 symptomatic subjects from Hyderabad, India. The patients were retrospectively grouped, based on histopathology of the biopsy and 16S rRNA amplification of both saliva and biopsy as H. pylori positive and negative. RESULTS: This study showed that the prevalence of H. pylori in both saliva and biopsy samples increased with age. In addition, the H. pylori infection was found more commonly in the saliva and biopsy samples among males (64 percent and 60 percent, respectively) than females (53.3 percent and 64 percent, respectively). Similarly, 71.6 percent and 73.5 percent of those who consumed municipal water acquired H. pylori (which were respectively found in their saliva and biopsy samples) compared to a lesser proportion (12.6 percent and 12.6 percent, respectively) of those who consumed boiled or filtered water. The study also found that subjects who preferred home-cooked food (57.1 percent and 57.7 percent) showed a lower prevalence of H. pylori in saliva and biopsy samples, respectively, compared to those (80 percent and 88 percent) who frequently ate out. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study suggest that besides the oral-oral route, the transmission of H. pylori also takes place through the consumption of food prepared under unhygienic conditions. Consumption of municipal tap water also has a high impact in the transmission of H. pylori.