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BACKGROUND: The relationship between menopausal status and clinical outcomes of female patients with carpal tunnel release (CTR) has been not clearly investigated. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical outcomes of CTR among women with different menopausal statuses. METHODS: Two hundred-eighteen consecutive female patients with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) who underwent surgery at our hospital between May 2016 and May 2020 were included in this study. Based on whether subjects had undergone menopause before surgery, they were divided into three groups: the premenopausal group, the early postmenopausal group (less than 10 years since menopause) and the late postmenopausal group (more than 10 years since menopause). The clinical outcome was assessed before surgery and at six-month postoperative visits using the Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire (BCTQ). RESULTS: There were 86 patients in the premenopausal group, 70 patients in the early postmenopausal group and 62 patients in the late postmenopausal group. All the groups showed significant improvements in their Symptom Severity Scale (SSS) and Functional Status Scale (FSS) compared with preoperative scores. Although, there was a significant difference between the groups based and post-surgical SSS and FSS (p < 0.05). Patients in the postmenopausal group had less improvement in SSS and FSS in comparison with those in the other groups (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed that all the groups had significant improvement in their SSS and FSS. However, the clinical outcomes were poorer in late postmenopausal patients than in premenopausal or early postmenopausal patients. These findings can be used in pre-operative counseling and interpretation of outcomes in women with CTR.
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Background: Proliferation markers have been used to determine the behavior and prognosis of benign and malignant tumors; this study was aimed to compare the immunohistochemical (IHC) expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and novel marker minichromosome maintenance complex component 7 (MCM7) in common salivary gland tumors including pleomorphic adenoma (PA), mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC), and adenoid cystic carcinoma (AdCC), to find a possible significant correlation between benign and malignant tumors. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 90 cases, including 30 PAs, 30 MECs, and 30 AdCCs, were collected. The IHC expressions of PCNA and MCM7 were evaluated. Their expressions were compared with each other and between benign and malignant tumors. Statistical analysis was performed by Chi-square and Tukey's test. P value was considered 0.05. Results: Out of 30 cases of PA, 28 cases (93.3%) were PCNA positive and 28 cases (93.3%) were MCM7 positive. In the AdCC cases, 29 cases (96.6%) were PCNA positive and 29 cases (96.6%) were MCM7 positive. In the MEC cases, all cases (100%) were PCNA positive and 23 cases (76.6%) were MCM7 positive. The labeling index (LI) of MCM7 and PCNA was evaluated, and this index was lower in MCM7 LI than PCNA in all tumors. The MCM7 and PCNA expression showed a significant difference in PA and MEC (P < 0.001). Conclusion: PCNA expression was higher than MCM7 expression in salivary gland tumors. However, more studies are needed to evaluate the malignant activity of these tumors with group of markers such as MCM family members.
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BACKGROUND: Pleomorphic adenoma (PA), mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC), and adenoid cystic carcinoma (AdCC) are the most common benign and malignant salivary gland tumors. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a key regulatory enzyme that its overexpression in various tumors is correlated with progression, metastasis, and apoptosis inhibition. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent angiogenic mediator that has an important role in neoplastic angiogenesis. The aim of this study was to immunohistochemically analyze the expression of COX-2 and VEGF and to compare the expression of benign and two malignant salivary gland tumors with varied structures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 90 specimens including 30 cases of each tumor were retrieved. Immunohistochemical staining of COX-2 and VEGF was performed for all the samples. The percentage of positive tumor cells and staining intensity was evaluated by two pathologists blindly. Data were analyzed by Chi-square and Gamma test and P < 0.05. RESULTS: A statistically significant difference was noted between the expression and intensity of COX-2 and VEGF in PA, MEC, and AdCC (P < 0.05). A significant correlation was observed between COX-2 and VEGF expression in MEC and AdCC (P < 0.05). However, no significant correlation was found between the expression and intensity of COX-2 and VEGF with histologic grade and lymph node metastasis in MEC and AdCC (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: High expression of VEGF and COX-2 in malignant tumors compared to PA suggested the role of both markers in malignant transformation. The significant correlation of VEGF expression with COX-2 may represent the role of COX-2 in tumor angiogenesis by modulating VEGF production.
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BACKGROUND: CD44 is a transmembranous proteoglycan, with a main role of cell adhesion to other cells and to extracellular matrix involved in the preservation of three-dimensional structure of organs. Pleomorphic adenoma (PA) is a common benign salivary gland tumor, composed of myoepithelial and ductal components. Carcinoma ex-PA (CXPA) is malignant transformation of the epithelial elements in PA. The aim of this study was to evaluate CD44 expression by immunohistochemistry in these two tumors and normal salivary gland near these tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this cross-sectional immunohistochemical study, 40 paraffin blocks (formalin fixed, paraffin embedded) with thirty belonging to PA and ten blocks of CXPA and 18 paraffinized blocks of normal salivary glands' tissue adjacent to tumoral tissue (13 in the vicinity of PA and 5 in the vicinity of CXPA) were selected. Immunohistochemical expression of CD44 was observed and compared with each other. For data analysis, we used Chi-square, Kruskal-Wallis, and Mann-Whitney tests and the quantity of P values was considered 0.05. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in CD44 expression frequency between PA, CXPA, and normal salivary glands with higher expression noted in CXPA. Furthermore, expression frequency of CD44 in adjacent normal salivary gland of CXPA was significantly higher than PA. There was no significant difference in the expression of CD44 with respect to lymph node metastasis. CONCLUSION: Higher expression of CD44 in CXPA might illustrate CD44's role in malignant transformation of PA.
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INTRODUCTION: This study is aimed to assess the prevalence and characteristics of head and neck lymphoma in a defined group of an Iranian population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this retrospective study, 126,450 biopsy reports from two referral Pathology Departments, (Tehran, the capital of Iran) were evaluated. In cases with head and neck lymphoma, other variables such as age, sex, specific location of lesions, and histopathological findings were recorded. Descriptive statistics were used to measure the prevalence and characteristics of head and neck lymphoma by means of SPSS soft ware, version 18. RESULTS: In total, 513 (0.4%) cases had head and neck lymphoma (46.9% male, 27.1% female) with a mean age of 46±6.2. Of the total lesions, 200 (0.15%) were Hodgkin lymphoma and 313 (0.25%) were non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Nodular sclerosis was the most common (62.5%) histopathological subtype among Hodgkin lymphoma. In non-Hodgkin lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (62.3%) had the highest frequency. In Hodgkin disease, classic Hodgkin lymphocytic rich, mixed cellularity, and lymphocyte depletion were only seen in the neck compartment. Bone involvement was only found in Hodgkin nodular lymphocytic predominant variation. In non-Hodgkin lymphoma, the tongue, palate, and vestibular mucosa were affected only by diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Jaw bones were only involved with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma compared to other bony structures. T-cell lymphoma and mucosal associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma were also found. CONCLUSION: Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is the most common subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma especially in the tongue, palate, vestibular mucosa, and jaw bones.
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INTRODUCTION: This study is aimed to assess the prevalence and characteristics of head and neck lymphoma in a defined group of an Iranian population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this retrospective study, 126,450 biopsy reports from two referral Pathology Departments, (Tehran, the capital of Iran) were evaluated. In cases with head and neck lymphoma, other variables such as age, sex, specific location of lesions, and histopathological findings were recorded. Descriptive statistics were used to measure the prevalence and characteristics of head and neck lymphoma by means of SPSS soft ware, version 18. RESULTS: In total, 513 (0.4%) cases had head and neck lymphoma (46.9% male, 27.1% female) with a mean age of 46±6.2. Of the total lesions, 200 (0.15%) were Hodgkin lymphoma and 313 (0.25%) were non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Nodular sclerosis was the most common (62.5%) histopathological subtype among Hodgkin lymphoma. In non-Hodgkin lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (62.3%) had the highest frequency. In Hodgkin disease, classic Hodgkin lymphocytic rich, mixed cellularity, and lymphocyte depletion were only seen in the neck compartment. Bone involvement was only found in Hodgkin nodular lymphocytic predominant variation. In non-Hodgkin lymphoma, the tongue, palate, and vestibular mucosa were affected only by diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Jaw bones were only involved with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma compared to other bony structures. T-cell lymphoma and mucosal associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma were also found. CONCLUSION: Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is the most common subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma especially in the tongue, palate, vestibular mucosa, and jaw bones.
