RESUMO
Cyclin D1 is overexpressed in the majority of human breast cancers. We previously found that mice lacking cyclin D1 are resistant to mammary carcinomas triggered by the ErbB-2 oncogene. In this study, we investigated which function of cyclin D1 is required for ErbB-2-driven mammary oncogenesis. We report that the ability of cyclin D1 to activate cyclin-dependent kinase CDK4 underlies the critical role for cyclin D1 in breast cancer formation. We also found that the continued presence of CDK4-associated kinase activity is required to maintain breast tumorigenesis. We analyzed primary human breast cancers and found high cyclin D1 levels in a subset (approximately 25%) of ErbB-2-overexpressing tumors. We propose that this subset of breast cancer patients might benefit from inhibiting CDK4 kinase.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/enzimologia , Proliferação de Células , Ciclina D1/metabolismo , Quinase 4 Dependente de Ciclina/metabolismo , Neoplasias Mamárias Experimentais/enzimologia , Animais , Neoplasias da Mama/genética , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Ciclina D1/genética , Quinase 4 Dependente de Ciclina/genética , Ativação Enzimática , Feminino , Genes erbB-2 , Humanos , Neoplasias Mamárias Experimentais/patologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Ligação ProteicaRESUMO
PURPOSE: Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) is one of the major enzymes implicated in the cellular defence against reactive oxygen species. Low expression of MnSOD has been observed in different cancer tissues and several reports have shown that overexpression of MnSOD inhibits growth in various human cancer cells. These observations suggest that MnSOD is involved in carcinogenesis. A polymorphism (Ala-9Val) in the mitochondrial targeting sequence (MTS) of the MnSOD gene has been proposed to affect protein localization and thereby influence cellular defence against superoxide radicals. METHODS: In the present case-control study, including 118 early onset breast cancer patients (Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/enzimologia
, Neoplasias da Mama/etiologia
, Predisposição Genética para Doença
, Polimorfismo Genético
, Superóxido Dismutase/genética
, Adulto
, Alelos
, Estudos de Casos e Controles
, Feminino
, Genótipo
, Humanos
, Estresse Oxidativo/genética
, Fatores de Risco
RESUMO
Cyclin D1 plays an important role in the regulation of the G1 phase in the cell cycle. In mammary epithelial cells the expression of cyclin D1 is regulated through the oestrogen receptor and via ErbB2 signalling. Here we investigated the prognostic significance of cyclin D1 among 230 breast cancer patients randomised for tamoxifen, CMF chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The importance of combined cyclin D1 and ErbB2 overexpression was also analysed. Immunohistochemical analysis of the cyclin D1 expression resulted in 69 (29.8%) weakly positive, 107 (46.5%) moderately positive and 54 (23.7%) strongly positive cases. The prognostic importance of ErbB2 was significantly greater for patients whose tumours overexpressed cyclin D1 than for other patients (p = 0.026). In the former group, ErbB2 overexpression was strongly associated with increased risk of recurrence (RR = 4.7; 95% CI, 2.1-10.4) and breast cancer death (RR = 5.4; 95% CI, 2.3-12.6). This result is in accordance with experimental studies demonstrating a link between cyclin D1 and ErbB2 in oncogenesis. Among oestrogen receptor positive patients, those with moderate cyclin D1 expression significantly did benefit from tamoxifen treatment (RR = 0.42; 95% CI, 0.21-0.82) whereas those with weak or strong expression did not. Therefore cyclin D1 might be a predictive marker for tamoxifen resistance.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos Hormonais/farmacologia , Neoplasias da Mama/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias da Mama/fisiopatologia , Ciclina D1/metabolismo , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos , Genes erbB-2 , Tamoxifeno/farmacologia , Biomarcadores , Neoplasias da Mama/epidemiologia , Neoplasias da Mama/mortalidade , Intervalo Livre de Doença , Feminino , Humanos , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/epidemiologia , Prognóstico , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Taxa de Sobrevida , Suécia/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Estrogens play a crucial role in the development of breast cancer. Estradiol can be produced in the breast tissue in situ, and one of the enzymes involved in this process is 17beta-hydroxysteriod dehydrogenase (17beta-HSD) type 1 that catalyzes the interconversion of estrone (E1) to the biologically more potent estradiol (E2). The gene coding for 17beta-HSD type 1 (HSD17B1) is located at 17q12-21, close to the more studied ERBB2 and BRCA1. The aim of this study was to investigate if HSD17B1 shows an altered gene copy number in breast cancer. We used real-time PCR and examined 221 postmenopausal breast tumors for amplification of HSD17B1 and ERBB2. In all, 32 tumors (14.5%) showed amplification of HSD17B1 and 21% were amplified for ERBB2. Amplification of the two genes was correlated (P=0.00078) and in 14 tumors (44%) with amplification of HSD17B1, ERBB2 was co amplified. The patients with amplification in at least one of the genes had a significantly worse outcome than patients without (P=0.0059). For estrogen receptor (ER)-positive patients who received adjuvant tamoxifen, amplification of HSD17B1 was related to decreased breast cancer survival (P=0.017), whereas amplification of ERRB2 was not. Amplification of HSD17B1 might be an indicator of adverse prognosis among ER-positive patients, and possibly a mechanism for decreased benefit from tamoxifen treatment.
