Genome-wide analysis of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter in Penaeus vannamei and identification of two ABC genes involved in immune defense against Vibrio parahaemolyticus by affecting NF-κB signaling pathway.

The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters have crucial roles in various biological processes such as growth, development and immune defense in eukaryotes. However, the roles of ABC transporters in the immune system of crustaceans remain elusive. In this study, 38 ABC genes were systematically identified and characterized in Penaeus vannamei. Bioinformation analysis revealed that PvABC genes were categorized into ABC A-H eight subfamilies with 17 full-transporters, 11 half transporters and 10 soluble proteins, and multiple immunity-related cis-elements were found in gene promoter regions. Expression analysis showed that most PvABC genes were widely and highly expressed in immune-related tissues and responded to the stimulation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. To investigate whether PvABC genes mediated innate immunity, PvABCC5, PvABCF1 and PvABCB4 were selected for dsRNA interference experiment. Knockdown of PvABCF1 and PvABCC5 not PvABCB4 increased the cumulative mortality of P. vannamei and bacterial loads in hepatopancreas after infection with V. parahaemolyticus. Further analysis showed that the PvABCF1 and PvABCC5 knockdown decreased expression levels of NF-κB pathway genes and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Collectively, these findings indicated that PvABCF1 and PvABCC5 might restrict V. parahaemolyticus challenge by positively regulating NF-κB pathway and then promoting the expression of AMPs, which would contribute to overall understand the function of ABC genes in innate immunity of invertebrates.

Hierarchical Spatial Confinement Unlocking the Storage Limit of MoS2 for Flexible High-Energy Supercapacitors.

Molybdenum sulfide (MoS2) is a promising electrode material for supercapacitors; however, its limited Mo/S edge sites and intrinsic inert basal plane give rise to sluggish active electronic states, thus constraining its electrochemical performance. Here we propose a hierarchical confinement strategy to develop ethylene molecule (EG)-intercalated Co-doped sulfur-deficient MoS2 (Co-EG/SV-MoS2) for efficient and durable K-ion storage. Theoretical analyses suggest that the intercalation-confined EG and lattice-confined Co can enhance the interfacial K-ion storage capacity while reducing the K-ion diffusion barrier. Experimentally, the intercalated EG molecules with mildly reducing properties induced the creation of sulfur vacancies, expanded the interlayer spacing, regulated the 2H-1T phase transition, and strengthened the structural grafting between layers, thereby facilitating ion diffusion and ensuring structural durability. Moreover, the Co dopants occupying the initial Mo sites initiated charge transfer, thus activating the basal plane. Consequently, the optimized Co-EG/SV-MoS2 electrode exhibited a substantially improved electrochemical performance. Flexible supercapacitors assembled with Co-EG/SV-MoS2 delivered a notable areal energy density of 0.51 mW h cm-2 at 0.84 mW cm-2 with good flexibility. Furthermore, supercapacitor devices were integrated with a strain sensor to create a self-powered system capable of real-time detection of human joint motion.

Human midbrain dopaminergic progenitors.

Human midbrain dopaminergic progenitors (mDAPs) are one of the most representative cell types in both basic research and clinical applications. However, there are still many challenges for the preparation and quality control of mDAPs, such as the lack of standards. Therefore, the establishment of critical quality attributes and technical specifications for mDAPs is largely needed. "Human midbrain dopaminergic progenitor" jointly drafted and agreed upon by experts from the Chinese Society for Stem Cell Research, is the first guideline for human mDAPs in China. This standard specifies the technical requirements, test methods, inspection rules, instructions for usage, labelling requirements, packaging requirements, storage requirements, transportation requirements and waste disposal requirements for human mDAPs, which is applicable to the quality control for human mDAPs. It was originally released by the China Society for Cell Biology on 30 August 2022. We hope that the publication of this guideline will facilitate the institutional establishment, acceptance and execution of proper protocols, and accelerate the international standardization of human mDAPs for clinical development and therapeutic applications.

Human neural stem cells.

'Human neural stem cells' jointly drafted and agreed upon by experts from the Chinese Society for Stem Cell Research, is the first guideline for human neural stem cells (hNSCs) in China. This standard specifies the technical requirements, test methods, test regulations, instructions for use, labelling requirements, packaging requirements, storage requirements, transportation requirements and waste disposal requirements for hNSCs, which is applicable to the quality control for hNSCs. It was originally released by the China Society for Cell Biology on 30 August 2022. We hope that publication of the guideline will facilitate institutional establishment, acceptance and execution of proper protocols, and accelerate the international standardization of hNSCs for clinical development and therapeutic applications.

In Situ Construction of the Fe-Cu Hydroxide Interlocking Structure with Solution-Derived Cu/Ag Current Collectors for Flexible Symmetric Supercapacitors.

The current collector serves as a crucial element in supercapacitors, acting as a medium between the electrode material and the substrate. Due to its excellent conductivity, a metal collector is typically favored. Enhancing the binding strength between the collector and the substrate as well as between the collector and the electrode material has emerged as a critical factor for enhancing the capacitance performance. In this study, a Ag film with a grass root-like structure was initially grown on a PI substrate through the surface modification and ion exchange (SMIE) process. This Ag interlocking structure contributes to strong binding between the PI substrate and Ag without compromising the mechanical properties of the Ag film. To further enhance the electrochemical properties at low scan rates, electroless-plated Cu was subsequently deposited on the Ag film to form the Cu/Ag current collector. Moreover, the Cu within the Cu/Ag current collector served as a precursor for the growth of FeOOH-Cu(OH)2 via a two-step in situ method. The resulting FeOOH-Cu(OH)2/Cu/Ag structure as a whole is binder-free. Supercapacitors employing symmetric FeOOH-Cu(OH)2/Cu/Ag structures were assembled, and their energy storage properties were investigated. The solution-based low-temperature process used in this study offers the potential for cost-effective and large-scale applications.

High-Strength Carbon Nanotube Fibers from Purity Control by Atomized Catalytic Pyrolysis and Alignment Improvement by Continuous Large Prestraining.

Transferring the high strength of individual carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to macroscopic fibers is still a major technical challenge. In this study, CNT fibers are wound from a hollow cylindrical assembly. In particular, atomized catalytic pyrolysis is utilized to produce the fiber and control its purity. The pristine fiber is then continuously prestrained to have a highly aligned structure for subsequent full densification. Experimental measurements show that the final fiber possesses a high tensile strength (8.0 GPa), specific strength (5.54 N tex-1 (tex: the weight (g) of a fiber of 1 km long)), Young's modulus (350 GPa), and elongation at break (4%). Such an excellent combination is superior to that of any other existing fiber and attributed to the efficient stress transfer among the highly aligned and packed CNTs. Our study provides a new strategy involving atomized catalysis for developing superstrong CNT assemblies such as fibers and films for practical applications.

Occurrence and Dietary Exposure to Acrylamide from Foods Consumed within and outside Main Meals in Singapore.

This study investigated the influence of 'snackification' in Singaporean diets, leading to increased dietary acrylamide exposure. Acrylamide concentrations in commonly consumed foods within and outside the main meals were measured using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). High acrylamide concentrations were detected in vegetables cooked at high temperatures (ranging from 0.5 to 478.4 µg/kg) and potato-based crackers and chips (ranging from 81.8 to 2095.8 µg/kg). The estimated total dietary exposure for the Singapore population was 0.165 µg/kg bw/day for general consumers and 0.392 µg/kg bw/day for high consumers (95th percentile). The acrylamide exposure from outside main meals was nearly equivalent to that from within the main meals. The calculated margins of exposure (MOE) were below 10,000, indicating potential human health concern. These findings highlight the need for industry practices and consumer advisories to reduce acrylamide exposure from foods consumed both within and outside main meals.

Arteriolosclerosis CSVD: a common cause of dementia and stroke and its association with cognitive function and total MRI burden.

Objective: Arteriolosclerosis cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is a common type of CSVD. This study aimed to explore the factors associated with cognitive function and total MRI burden related to the disease. Methods: The demographic characteristics, clinical manifestations, cognitive function score, Barthel Index (BI), blood test index, and follow-up results of arteriolosclerosis CSVD patients treated for the first time in our hospital from January 2014 to August 2022 were collected. White matter hyperintensity (WMH) Fazekas score, total MRI burden, and cerebral atrophy grade were evaluated according to brain MRI findings. Factors associated with CSVD cognitive function were analyzed by binary logistic regression. The correlative factors related to the total MRI burden of CSVD were analyzed by ordered multiple logistic regression. Results: A total of 146 patients were included in this study, of which 132 cases (90.4%) had hypertension. There were 108 patients (74.0%) with cognitive dysfunction, 97 patients (66.4%) with balance and gait disorders, and 83 patients (56.8%) with moderate-to-severe dependence in daily life (BI ≤ 60 points). Of 146 patients, 79 (54.1%) completed clinical and imaging follow-ups for a median of 3 years. The number of patients with cognitive impairment and BI ≤ 60 points after follow-up significantly increased compared with the first admission (P < 0.001). There were also significant differences in total MRI burden (P = 0.001), WMH Fazekas score, and cerebral atrophy grade (P < 0.001). Mean age (P = 0.012), median deep WMH Fazekas score (P = 0.028), and median deep (P < 0.001) and superficial (P =0.002) cerebral atrophy grade of patients with cognitive impairment at first admission were all higher than those with non-cognitive impairment. Multivariate analysis showed that deep cerebral atrophy was independently and significantly associated with cognitive impairment of CSVD (P = 0.024), and hypertension was significantly and independently associated with total MRI burden (P = 0.001). Conclusion: The disease course of arteriolosclerosis CSVD may be related to cognitive function and total MRI burden. Deep cerebral atrophy was an independent risk factor for cognitive dysfunction in arteriolosclerosis CSVD, and hypertension was an independent risk factor for total MRI burden.

Factors affecting accommodation hosts' willingness to use ground-source heat pumps (GSHPs).

Clean energy products have increased market share over the past few years. The ground-source heat pumps (GSHPs), however, do not enjoy such a favorable status in China. This research uses the theory of planned behavior to investigate accommodation operators' readiness to adopt GSHPs and the factors that impact their decision. A total of 251 accommodation operators across the nation were investigated. The results show that, financial benefits and policy privilege play a significant positive role in promoting the installation of GSHPs, while the deterrents include installation cost, installation condition, and technical maturity. Unlike previous studies, environmental awareness does not contribute significantly. The insights reached in this research can be used to guide future improvements in ground source heat pump technology, as well as serve as a resource for relevant government departments in developing effective marketing campaigns.

[Monoterpenoids from Paeoniae Radix Rubra based on UPLC-Q-TOF-MS].

The ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) was used to conduct the qualitative analysis of the monoterpene chemical components from Paeoniae Radix Rubra. Gradient elution was performed on C_(18) HD(2.1 mm×100 mm, 2.5 µm) column with a mobile phase of 0.1% formic acid(A) and acetonitrile(B). The flow rate was 0.4 mL·min~(-1) and the column temperature was 30 ℃. MS analysis was conducted in both positive and negative ionization modes using electrospray ionization(ESI) source. Qualitative Analysis 10.0 was used for data processing. The identification of chemical components was realized by the combination of standard compounds, fragmentation patterns, and mass spectra data reported in the literature. Forty-one monoterpenoids in Paeoniae Radix Rubra extract were identified. Among them, 8 compounds were reported in Paeoniae Radix Rubra for the first time and 1 was presumed to be the new compound 5″-O-methyl-galloylpaeoniflorin or its positional isomer. The method in this study realizes the rapid identification of monoterpenoids from Paeoniae Radix Rubra and provides a material and scientific basis for quality control and further study on the pharmaceutical effect of Paeoniae Radix Rubra.

[Investigation of the chemical components of Ciwujia injection using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-electrostatic field orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry].

Ciwujia injection is commonly used to treat cerebrovascular and central nervous system diseases in clinical practice. It can significantly improve blood lipid levels and endothelial cell function in patients with acute cerebral infarction and promote the proliferation of neural stem cells in cerebral ischemic brain tissues. The injection has also been reported to have good curative effects on cerebrovascular diseases, such as hypertension and cerebral infarction. At present, the material basis of Ciwujia injection remains incompletely understood, and only two studies have reported dozens of components, which were determined using high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-Q-TOF MS). Unfortunately, the lack of research on this injection restricts the in-depth study of its therapeutic mechanism.In the present study, a qualitative method based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-electrostatic field orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q/Orbitrap HRMS) was developed to analyze the chemical components of Ciwujia injection. Separation was performed on a BEH Shield RP18 column (100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7 µm) using 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution (A) and acetonitrile (B) as the mobile phases, and gradient elution was performed as follows: 0-2 min, 0%B; 2-4 min, 0%B-5%B; 4-15 min, 5%B-20%B; 15-15.1 min, 20%B-90%B; 15.1-17 min, 90%B. The flow rate and column temperature were set to 0.4 mL/min and 30 ℃ respectively. MS1 and MS2 data were acquired in both positive- and negative-ion modes using a mass spectrometer equipped with an HESI source. For data post-processing, a self-built library including component names, molecular formulas, and chemical structures was established by collecting information on the isolated chemical compounds of Acanthopanax senticosus. The chemical components of the injection were identified by comparison with standard compounds or MS2 data in commercial databases or literature based on precise relative molecular mass and fragment ion information. The fragmentation patterns were also considered. For example, the MS2 data of 3-caffeoylquinic acid (chlorogenic acid), 4-caffeoylquinic acid (cryptochlorogenic acid), and 5-caffeoylquinic acid (neochlorogenic acid) were first analyzed. The results indicated that these compounds possessed similar fragmentation behaviors, yielding product ions at m/z 173 and m/z 179 simultaneously. However, the abundance of the product ion at m/z 173 was much higher in 4-caffeoylquinic acid than in 5-caffeoylquinic acid or 3-caffeoylquinic acid, and the fragment signal at m/z 179 was much stronger for 5-caffeoylquinic acid than for 3-caffeoylquinic acid. Four caffeoylquinic acids were identified using a combination of abundance information and retention times. MS2 data in commercial database and literature were also used to identify unknown constituents. For example, compound 88 was successfully identified as possessing a relative molecular mass and neutral losses similar to those of sinapaldehyde using the database, and compound 80 was identified as salvadoraside because its molecular and fragmentation behaviors were consistent with those reported in the literature. A total of 102 constituents, including 62 phenylpropanoids, 23 organic acids, 7 nucleosides, 1 iridoid, and 9 other compounds, were identified. The phenylpropanoids can be further classified as phenylpropionic acids, phenylpropanols, benzenepropanals, coumarins, and lignans. Among the detected compounds, 16 compounds were confirmed using reference compounds and 65 compounds were identified in Ciwujia injection for the first time. This study is the first to report the feasibility of using the UHPLC-Q/Orbitrap HRMS method to quickly and comprehensively analyze the chemical components of Ciwujia injection. The 27 newly discovered phenylpropanoids provide further material basis for the clinical treatment of neurological diseases and new research targets for the in-depth elucidation of the pharmacodynamic mechanism of Ciwujia injection and its related preparations.

Occurrence and Dietary Exposure of 3-MCPD Esters and Glycidyl Esters in Domestically and Commercially Prepared Food in Singapore.

This study investigated the prevalence and occurrence of 3-monochloropropanediol esters (3-MCPDEs) and glycidyl esters (GEs) in domestically and commercially prepared food in Singapore and assessed the total dietary exposure for the Singaporean population. Minimal impact on the formation of 3-MCPDEs and GEs was observed from the domestic cooking methods commonly practiced in Singapore such as deep frying and stir frying. The estimated total dietary exposure to 3-MCPDEs for the Singaporean population (aged 15 to 92) was 0.982 µg/kg bw/day for general consumers and 2.212 µg/kg bw/day for high consumers (95th percentile), which accounted for 49.1% and 110.6% of the tolerable dietary intake (TDI) at 2 µg/kg bw/day by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). The calculated margins of exposure (MOE) for GEs based on the dietary exposure for general consumers at 0.882 µg/kg bw/day and 2.209 µg/kg bw/day for high consumers were below 10,000, indicating a potential health concern. Our study showed that the occurrence of 3-MCPDEs and GEs varied among vegetable oils, and domestic cooking methods did not significantly impact the levels of 3-MCPDEs and GEs in prepared food. The critical factor influencing the prevalence and occurrence of 3-MCPDEs and GEs was the choice of oil used for cooking, which absorbed into the cooked food. It is essential to encourage the food industry to continue its innovation on mitigation measures to control and reduce 3-MCPDEs and GEs in vegetable oil production. Consumers are advised to make informed choices on food consumption and cooking oil for food preparation to reduce their exposure to 3-MCPDEs and GEs.

The Political Embeddedness of Voluntary Action: The Case of Local Philanthropic COVID-19 Relief Funds.

Scholars and policymakers have long been interested in the complex relationships between political institutions and voluntary collective action. However, the reciprocal nature of their relationships complicates empirical analysis: voluntary action supports democratic institutions and political institutions enable voluntary action. This article examines the relationship between political institutions and the activation of local voluntary action in the context of COVID-19 funds managed by community philanthropic organizations. We find that political engagement, policy signaling, and political competition all support the emergence of a COVID-19 fund. The findings advance our understanding of the significant role that political institutions play in activating voluntary action.

Monoterpenoids from Paeoniae Radix Rubra based on UPLC-Q-TOF-MS / 中国中药杂志

The ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) was used to conduct the qualitative analysis of the monoterpene chemical components from Paeoniae Radix Rubra. Gradient elution was performed on C_(18) HD(2.1 mm×100 mm, 2.5 μm) column with a mobile phase of 0.1% formic acid(A) and acetonitrile(B). The flow rate was 0.4 mL·min~(-1) and the column temperature was 30 ℃. MS analysis was conducted in both positive and negative ionization modes using electrospray ionization(ESI) source. Qualitative Analysis 10.0 was used for data processing. The identification of chemical components was realized by the combination of standard compounds, fragmentation patterns, and mass spectra data reported in the literature. Forty-one monoterpenoids in Paeoniae Radix Rubra extract were identified. Among them, 8 compounds were reported in Paeoniae Radix Rubra for the first time and 1 was presumed to be the new compound 5″-O-methyl-galloylpaeoniflorin or its positional isomer. The method in this study realizes the rapid identification of monoterpenoids from Paeoniae Radix Rubra and provides a material and scientific basis for quality control and further study on the pharmaceutical effect of Paeoniae Radix Rubra.

A retrospective study of individualized endovascular treatment for symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis in patients with ischemic stroke/transient ischemic attack.

Background: Endovascular treatment (EVT) is one of the effective treatment procedure for the symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis (sICAS). Aim and methods: We evaluated the efficacy and safety of individualized endovascular treatment for sICAS patients. Clinical and imaging follow-ups were carried out to collect the data of 29 sICAS patients after 6 months of individualized endovascular treatment. Different treatment strategies are selected based on arterial access and lesion morphology of patients. If standard surgical path, narrow artery straight, stenosis length ≤10 mm, then the appropriate specifications of balloon-mounted stent (BMS) treatment. the surgical path is tortuous, the narrow artery is curved, the angle is apparent, the diameter of the near and far ends is significantly different, or the length of the stenosis is >10 mm, self-expanding stent (SES) with appropriate specifications is selected for treatment. If the narrowed artery is hyper flexed and the surgeon deems stenting inappropriate, balloon dilation angioplasty (BDA) treatment is chosen. Results and conclusion: 31 lesions of 29 sICAS patients received endovascular treatment. The median age was 61 years (IQR 54-69 years). The median preoperative stenosis was 90% (IQR 80-95%), and the mean stenosis length was (8.10 ± 3.27) mm. The most commonly used surgical procedure was Balloon-Mounted Stent (BMS) in 19 cases (65.52%), Self-expanding Stent (SES) in seven cases (24.14%), Balloon Dilation Angioplasty (BDA) in three cases (10.34%). (11.86 + 1.46 mm) was greater than that in the BMS group (6.14 + 1.59 mm) (P < 0.001). The median stenosis was 90% (IQR 80-92.5%) in the BMS group, lower than 99% (IQR 95-100%) in the SES group (P < 0.001). The median post-operative residual stenosis was 20% (IQR 15-25%), significantly improved compared with preoperative (P < 0.001). The success rate of the surgical technique was 93.10% (27/29). One patient (3.45%) had IS recurrence within 48 h after surgery, and the restenosis rate within 6 months after surgery was 6.90% (2/29). No patient died or had recurrent IS. Our data demonstrated that individualized endovascular treatment method could be potentially significant and safe for sICAS patients. This study will provide an important reference for the endovascular treatment of sICAD.

An Investigation Into the Effects of Destination Sensory Experiences at Visitors' Digital Engagement: Empirical Evidence From Sanya, China.

This study investigates the mechanism of how sensory experiences influence visitors' digital engagement with a destination through establishing a strong bond and identification between a destination and tourist utilizing a two-step process. First, visitors' sensory experiences in a destination are identified through a content analysis of online review comments posted by visitors. Afterward, the effects of those sensory experiences on visitors' digital engagement through destination dependence and identification with that destination are examined. Findings suggest that sensory experiences are critical antecedents of visitors' bond and identification with a destination. Visitors' positive destination-related sensory experiences increase their dependence on and identification with the destination, and this dependence and identification positively influence their digital engagement behavior on social media.

[Protective effect of oleanolic acid liposomes on cisplatin-induced oligoasthenospermia in mice].

OBJECTIVE: To study the protective effect of oleanolic acid liposomes (OA-Lips) on cisplatin-induced oligoasthenospermia (COAS) in mice. METHODS: Sixty ICR mice were randomly divided into a normal control, a COAS model control, a positive control and a low-, a medium- and a high-dose OA-Lips group. The animals in the low-, medium- and high-dose OA-Lips and positive control groups were given intragastrically OA-Lips solution at 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg/d and vitamin E at 50 mg/kg/d, respectively. On the 28th day, the mice in the COAS model control, positive control and OA-Lips groups were injected intraperitoneally with cisplatin solution at 10 mg/kg, while those in the normal control group with the same dose of normal saline. Three days after administration, all the mice were sacrificed and their testis tissues collected for detection of the semen parameters and observation of the testicular morphology. RESULTS: Both the percentage of motile sperm and sperm concentration were significantly increased in the high-dose OA-Lips group (P < 0.05). HE staining showed that OA-Lips remarkably improved the damaged testis tissue (P < 0.05) and protected the seminiferous tubules and interstitial cells. The percentage of progressively motile sperm (PMS) and the curvilinear velocity (VCL), straight line velocity (VSL), average path velocity (VAP), linearity (LIN), straightness (STR), wobble (WOB), amplitude of lateral head displacement (ALH) and beat-cross frequency (BCF) of sperm were gradually increased in a dose-dependent manner in the OA-Lips groups. The serum T level was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the OA-Lips-treated mice than in the COAS model controls while the percentage of morphologically abnormal sperm (MAS) markedly lower in the high-dose OA-Lips group than in the model control, positive control and low-dose OA-Lips groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: OA-Lips can relieve oligoaspermia and improve the productive ability of mice.

Isoquinoline alkaloid dimers with dopamine D1 receptor activities from Menispermum dauricum DC.

A phytochemical investigation on chemical constituents from the rhizomes of Menispermum dauricum DC. identified eight undescribed dimeric alkaloids with structurally diverse monomeric isoquinoline. Alkaloid structures were elucidated by a combination of spectroscopic data analyses and time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) ECD calculation. The isolates were evaluated for inhibitory effect on dopamine D1 receptor and compound 1 exhibited potent D1 receptor antagonistic activity with an IC50 value of 8.4 ± 2.0 µM.

Experimental Models of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia： A Review / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Benign prostatic hyperplasia （BPH） model， as a carrier of BPH， is vital for exploring the pathogenesis of the disease and evaluating the efficacy of corresponding drugs. This paper reviewed the in vivo and in vitro models of BPH， the modeling principles and methods， and evaluation indicators， and analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of different types of models. At present， the BPH model is getting closer to the clinical characteristics of human BPH， providing powerful support for the evaluation of drug efficacy. Furthermore， the model has been developed towards cytology to allow further research on the pathogenesis of BPH. The relevant testing indicators reflect the core pathological changes of BPH from different levels， providing a guarantee for further exploring the pathogenesis of BPH and the development of prevention and control drugs. However， no model can fully simulate the natural development process of human BPH， and each model and evaluation criterion has its unique advantages and limitations. In terms of model evaluation， most BPH models are assessed based on benign prostate enlargement （BPE）， and there is still a lack of reliable models to simulate BPH progression and combine with bladder dysfunction. In terms of indicator evaluation， symptom-reflected behavioral indicators are absent in the replication of BPH models in animals. The study of the BPH model in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） only focuses on the replication and investigation of the "disease" model， rather than the "syndromes" and "signs"， which cannot simulate the syndrome differentiation and treatment under the guidance of the TCM theory. In view of the above deficiencies， we should further improve the modeling method based on clinical characteristics， explore the multifactor composite models， especially those of disease-syndrome combination suitable for basic research of TCM， replicate the model closing to disease development， and optimize the evaluation indicators， which is of great theoretical and practical significance to develop drugs for effective prevention and control of BPH.

Expression and role of anti-oxidative damage factors in the placenta of preterm infants with premature rupture of membranes / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To study the association of the anti-oxidative damage factors nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1) with preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM).@*METHODS@#A prospective study was conducted. The neonates who were hospitalized in Yanbian Hospital from 2019 to 2020 were enrolled as subjects, among whom there were 30 infants with PPROM, 32 infants with term premature rupture of membranes (TPROM), and 35 full-term infants without premature rupture of membranes (PROM). Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to observe the inflammatory changes of placental tissue. Immunohistochemical staining was used to measure the expression of Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO1 in placental tissue. Western blot was used to measure the protein expression levels of Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO1 in placental tissue.@*RESULTS@#Compared with the PPROM group, the TPROM group and the non-PROM full-term group had significantly higher positive expression rates and relative protein expression levels of Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO1 in placental tissue (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in the positive expression rates and relative protein expression levels of Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO1 in placental tissue between the TPROM and non-PROM full-term groups (P>0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#The low expression levels of Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO1 in placental tissue may be associated with PPROM, suggesting that anti-oxidative damage is one of the directions to prevent PPROM.