RESUMO
Objective:To comprehensively and systematically measure and analyze deaf children's gray matter cortex and white matter fibers by surface-based morphometry (SBM) and tract-based spatial statistics(TBSS).Methods:Twenty-seven deaf children aged 9-13 years old and twenty-seven age and sex matched normal controls were selected. T1 structural images and diffusion tensor imaging data were collected and analyzed by SBM and TBSS to calculate the cortical thickness, back index and anisotropic index (fractional anisotropy, FA). The SPSS 20.0 software and FSL software were used for data analysis.Results:Compared with the control group, the thickness of the cortex in the left cerebral hemisphere central posterior gyrus, the superior lobule, the central lateral lobule, and the anterior lobe were significantly reduced(cluster size 4 150, P<0.05), and in the right cerebral hemisphere squats and the middle sacral region reduced(cluster size 2 592, P<0.05). The local regression index of the left anterior wedge region was significantly increased(cluster size 3 225, P<0.05). The DTI results showed a decrease in FA values in the areas of radiation crown, cortical bundle, cingulate gyrus, corpus callosum, thalamus radiation, and sub-occipital bundle( P<0.05, TFCE corrected). Conclusion:There are different degrees of damage in the cerebral cortex and white matter microstructure of deaf children, and the brain structure remodeling and compensatory reconstruction appeared in the anterior wedge, which provide strong evidence for in-depth study of relationship between the loss of auditory function and changes in the brain structure.
RESUMO
Objective:To explore the relationship between executive dysfunction and brain functional connectivity in deaf children and its mechanisms.Methods:Twenty-eight deaf children were recruited from special education schools and twenty-seven children with normal hearing were treated as controls matched with deaf children in age, sex and education. All human subjects were scheduled to complete brain magnetic resonance scanning, based on the voxel-based morphometry (VBM) technique for detecting differences in gray matter volume (GMV) and a set of executive function (EF) tasks for detecting differences in EF behavior performance between deaf and normal hearing children. All human subjects were also performed resting-state fMRI, which were analyzed by independent component analysis (ICA) and the executive control network was selected and compared between the deaf and normal hearing children.Results:Compared with the children with normal hearing, deaf children had smaller volume of gray matter in the left angular gyrus (MIN coordinates: -48, -72, 45; 700 voxels), right superior parietal gyrus (MIN coordinates: 20, -62, 57; 594 voxels) and left middle occipital gyrus(MIN coordinates: -32, -87, 42; 782 voxels). Deaf children had weaker functional connectivity (FC) in the left middle frontal gyrus, orbital part/left inferior frontal gyrus (MIN coordinates: -24, 21, 3; 54 voxels) with normal hearing children. In the behavioral test, deaf children had defects in the switching function compared with normal children, which was statistically significant ( t(42)=2.39, P=0.02). Conclusion:The EF of deaf children has some defects, and its neural mechanism may be related with the reduced functional connectivity and gray matter volume in the brain regions related to executive function.
RESUMO
Objective To observe the changes of bone formation in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) mice and the effect of different exercises on their cAMP/CREB/Atf4 pathway and bone formation.Methods Forty four-week-old C57BL/6 male mice were randomly divided into a normal control group (ZC) of 10 and a T2DM group of 30.T2DM was induced using the high-fat diet and injection of streptozotocin.Then,the T2DM mice were randomly divided into a T2DM control group (TC),a T2DM swimming group (TS) and a T2DM downhill running group (TD),each of 10.The TS and TD groups were trained for eight weeks as their group names indicated.Then the concentration of cAMP in serum was tested using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).The reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to test the mRNA expression of the cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB),activate transcription factor 4 (ATF4),osteocalcin (OC),bone gla-protein (OCN)and bone sialoprotein (BSP) in the left tibia,and Western blotting was employed to test the protein expression of CREB in the right femur.The bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were taken and induced to differentiate into osteoblasts (OBs) and dyed using the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) solution.The left side hindlimb bone was taken and scanned the bone mineral density (BMD) of the distal end using the Skyscan Micro-CT.Results Compared with group ZC,the concentration of cAMP declined in group TC.Moreover,the mRNA expression of CREB,ATF4,OC,OCN and BSP as well as the protein expression of CREB of group TC were significantly down-regulated(P＜0.01 or P＜0.05),together with the OB osteogenic capacity and BMD (P＜0.01) compared to group ZC.Compared with group TC,significant increase was observed in the mRNA expression of OC and OCN (P＜0.01 or P＜0.05),as well as the OB osteogenic capacity of group TS.The concentration of cAMP of group TD decreased,the mRNA expression of CREB,ATF4,OC and OCN,as well as the protein expression of CREB were all significantly up-regulated (P＜0.01 or P＜0.05) compared with group TD.The OB osteogenic capacity and BMD(P＜0.05) of group TD also increased significantly.Compared with group TS,the concentration of cAMP(P＜0.05) and the OB osteogenic capacity increased,and the mRNA expression of CREB,ATF4 and OC of group TD increased significantly(P＜0.01 or P＜0.05).Conclusion The bone formation metabolism of type 2 diabetic mice is inhibited.The downhill running is superior to swimming in promoting the osteoblast differentiation and bone formation,as well as the bone mineral density through activating the cAMP/CREB/Atf4 pathway in the bone of T2DM mice.
RESUMO
Objective To explore the effects of combined exercise program ( fun game + rope skip-ping + figure running) on executive function ( EF) in primary students with Chinese learning difficulties. Methods Fifty-four Chinese learning disabled students were selected and randomly divided into experimen-tal group and control group. Three tasks ( the Flanker task,the 1-back task and the More-odd shifting task) were used to measure pupil’ s EF ( inhibition,updating,shifting) . Results ( 1) Compared with the control group,the primary students with Chinese learning difficulties in experimental group showed a significant en-hancement in executive function (F(1,43)=9.45, P0.05) and shifting(F(1,43)=2.57, P>0.05). Conclusion The effect of combined exercise program ( fun game+rope skipping+figure running) plays a positive role in promoting updating function of primary school students with Chinese learning difficulties.
