Factors associated with obstetric fistula among reproductive age women in Ethiopia: a community based case control study.

BACKGROUND: Obstetric fistula is a major public health concerns in Ethiopia. It is the most devastating cause of all maternal morbidities. METHOD: Data from the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic Health Survey (EDHS) was analyzed. A community-based unmatched case control study was conducted. Seventy cases and 210 non cases were selected using random number table. Data were analyzed by using STATA statistical software version 14. Multivariable logistic regression model was applied to determine the factors associated with fistula. RESULTS: The majority of fistula cases were from rural residences. The multivariable statistical model showed that rural residence (Adjusted OR (AOR) = 5, 95% CI 4.26, 7.52), age at first marriage (AOR = 3.3, 95% CI 2.83, 4.60), poorest wealth index (AOR = 3.3, 95% CI 2.24, 5.01) and decision making for contraceptive use by husband alone (AOR = 1.3, 95% CI 1.124, 1.67) were factors significantly associated with obstetric fistula. CONCLUSION: Age at first marriage, rural residence, poorest wealth index and decision making for contraceptive use by husband alone were significantly associated factors for obstetric fistula. Intervening on these factors will reduce the magnitude of obstetrics fistula. In this context there is in-need to improve on avoiding early marriage through awareness creation to the community and developing legal framework by the policymakers. Furthermore, information about the joint decision making to use contraceptives should be disseminated though mass-media and interpersonal channels.

Globally, 2­3 million women are affected by obstetric fistula. It is common in developing nations, mainly in sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia where suitable, timely care and treatment are hard to find. This devastating condition adversely affects women's physical and mental health. There is little research conducted in relation to the experiences of women living with leakage of urine and/or feces in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study provides a better understanding on obstetric fistula and its associated factors.The present study used the recent Ethiopia Demographic Health Survey (EDHS) 2016, to determine the associated factors of obstetric fistula among reproductive age group women (15­49 years) in Ethiopia.In this study rural residence, poorest wealth index, age at first marriage less than 18 years, and decision making for contraceptive use by husband alone were the associated factors of obstetric fistula. Intervening on these factors will reduce the magnitude of obstetrics fistula. In this context there is in-need to improve on avoiding early marriage through awareness creation to the community and developing legal framework by the policymakers. Furthermore, information about the joint decision making to use contraceptives should be disseminated though mass-media and interpersonal channels. Comprehensive intervention strategies should be customized at different government hierarchies to combat and reduce obstetric fistula.

Magnitude, components and predictors of metabolic syndrome in Northern Ethiopia: Evidences from regional NCDs STEPS survey, 2016.

BACKGROUND: Individuals with metabolic syndrome are five times more susceptible to chronic diseases. Assessment of its magnitude, components, and risk factors is essentials to deploy visible interventions needed to avoid further complications. The study aimed to assess magnitude, components, and predictors of metabolic syndrome in Tigray region northern Ethiopia, 2016. METHODS: Data were reviewed from Tigray region NCDs STEPs survey data base between May to June 2016. A total of 1476 adults aged 18-64 years were enrolled for the study. Multi-variable regression analysis was performed to estimate the net effect of size to risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome. Statistical significance was declared at p-value of ≤0.05 at 95% confidence interval (CI) for an adjusted odds ratio (AOR). RESULTS: The study revealed that unadjusted and adjusted prevalence rate of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) were (CPR = 33.79%; 95%CI: 31.29%-36.36%) and (APR = 34.2%; 95% CI: 30.31%-38.06%) respectively. The most prevalent MetS component was low HDL concentration (CPR = 70.91%; 95%CI: 68.47%-73.27%) and (APR = 70.61; 95%CI; 67.17-74.05). While; high fasting blood glucose (CPR = 20.01% (95%CI: 18.03-22.12) and (APR = 21.72; 95%CI; 18.41-25.03) was the least ones. Eating vegetables four days a week, (AOR = 3.69, 95%CI; 1.33-10.22), a salt sauce added in the food some times (AOR = 5.06, 95%CI; 2.07-12.34), overweight (AOR = 24.28, 95%CI; 10.08-58.47] and obesity (AOR = 38.81; 12.20-111.04) had strong association with MetS. CONCLUSION: The magnitude of metabolic syndrome was found to be close to the national estimate. Community awareness on life style modification based on identified MetS components and risk factors is needed to avoid further complications.

Identification of Factors Influencing Anemia among Children Aged 6-59 Months in Ethiopia Using Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey 2016 Data.

BACKGROUND: Anemia is the most common nutritional problem and a widespread micronutrient-deficiency disorder on a global scale. In Ethiopia, childhood anemia is highly prevalent and a major public health concern. This study aimed to identify factors associated with anemia among children aged 6-59 months in Ethiopia. METHODS: Data weres extracted from the 2016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS). We found records for 8,603 children aged 6-59 months in the data set. After 448 had been excluded due to incomplete records, 8,155 children were included in the final analysis. Pearson's χ2 was used to assess associations between each factor and categorical outcome variables. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were done to determine factors associated with anemia, and significant associations were declared at p≤0.05 for the final model. RESULTS: More than half (51.5%) the children were male and the overall mean age was 31.85±15.66 months. Mean hemoglobin concentration was 10.37±17.55 g/dL. The overall prevalence of anemia was 56.6%: 3.7%, 30.4%, and 22.5% severe, moderate, and mild anemia, respectively. Increased child age, decreased maternal age, lowest rung on wealth index, mother living alone, mother engaged in outside work, increased birth order, decreased birth interval, one antenatal care visit, severe stunting, and severe underweight were significantly associated with anemia. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of anemia in this study was the highest of all EDHS reports. It had increased since the preceding report (EDHS 2011), and remains the main public health concern in Ethiopia. Comprehensive intervention strategies should be put in place and tailored to different levels of government (national, regional, and district) including household- and individual-level interventions for combating childhood anemia by focusing on the identified risk factors.

Determinants of immunological recovery following HAART among severely immunosuppressed patients at enrolment to care in Northern Ethiopia: a retrospective study.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to identify determinants of immunological recovery following highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) among severely immunosuppressed patients at enrolment to care in Northern Ethiopia. METHODS: A retrospective study. SETTING: The study was done in Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia. PARTICIPANTS: The study was done among severely immunosuppressed (<200 CD4 cells/mm3) individuals at initial enrolment to care and whose samples were sent for viral load determination from April 2015 to March 2019 in Tigray Health Research Institute. MAIN OUTCOMES: The main outcome variable was immunological recovery, modelled using binary logistic regression. RESULTS: Among the 9687 patients with severe immunosuppression at enrolment, 2746 (28.35%, 95% CI 27.45% to 29.26%) had immunological recovery following HAART for at least 6 months. Male gender (adjusted OR (AOR)=0.50, p<0.001), age 20-34 years old (AOR=0.33, p<0.001), age ≥50 years old (AOR=0.26, p<0.001), WHO clinical stage III (OR=0.68, p=0.036) and viral non-suppression (AOR=0.38, p<0.001) were strong predictors of immunological failure. CONCLUSIONS: Immunological recovery following HAART was low among severely immunosuppressed individuals at enrolment to care. Gender, age, WHO stage III and viral non-suppression were determinants of immunological recovery. Male patients, adolescents and virally non-suppressed patients should be identified as groups at higher risk for immunological failure. Therefore, greater support and intensive counselling should be prioritised among adolescents, men and virally non-suppressed patients for better immunological recovery.

Level of Adherence and Associated Factors Among HIV-Infected Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy in Northern Ethiopia: Retrospective Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Poor adherence to ART increases viremia, which leads to disease progression and transmission of drug-resistant HIV strains. This study aimed to assess the level of ART adherence and associated factors among adolescents and adult patients enrolled in ART care in Northern Ethiopia. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted among 19,525 patients from April 2015 to March 2019. Data verification and filtration were done in Excel 2013 before exporting to STATA 14.0. Ordinal logistic regression was used to analyze the data. RESULTS: About 94.84%, 95% CI (94.52%, 95.14%) of the study subjects were in good adherence. However, about 1.46%, 95% CI (1.30%, 1.64%) and 3.70%, 95% CI (3.44%, 3.97%) of them had poor and fair adherence respectively. In the adjusted analysis, being male (AOR = 0.75; 95% CI: 0.0.65, 0.87), patients from general hospitals (AOR = 0.52; 95% CI: 0.39, 0.69), WHO staging IV (AOR = 0.57; 95% CI: 0.41, 0.81) and non-suppressed viral load (VL) status (AOR = 0.54; 95% CI: 0.47, 0.63) were negatively associated with good adherence. Whereas, age of 50+ years old (AOR = 1.68; 95% CI: 1.13, 2.50), recent CD4 count of 200-499 (AOR = 1.45; 95% CI: 1.21, 1.74) and recent CD4 count of 500 and above (AOR = 1.84; 95% CI: 1.47, 2.32) were positively associated with good ART drug adherence. CONCLUSION: There was a higher level of adherence compared to the previous studies conducted in Ethiopia. Being male, patients from general hospitals, WHO staging II, II and IV and non-suppressed VL status were negatively associated with good adherence. Whereas, older ages, recent CD4 count of 200-499 and ≥500 CD4 count were positively associated with good ART drug adherence. The health system should recognize a higher need of younger age groups and males to design targeted counseling and support to encourage consistently high levels of adherence for a better ART treatment outcome.

Dietary Diversity and Associated Factors among Children Aged 6-59 Months in Ethiopia: Analysis of Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey 2016 (EDHS 2016).

BACKGROUND: Dietary diversity is one of the key elements of diet quality. Even though different measures were taken to increase dietary diversity feeding practice in Ethiopia, the problem still remains high. Therefore, this study was done to identify determinants of inadequate minimum dietary practice among children aged 6-59 months in Ethiopia. METHOD: Secondary analysis of the data from the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey was done on a weighted sample of 5161 children aged 6-59 months. Data analysis was done using STATA v.14. Variables with P value < 0.05 in the bivariable analysis were candidates for the multivariable analysis to identify independent determinants of dietary diversity. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated at 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: A total of 5161 children aged 6 to 59 months were enrolled in the study. Only 8.5% of the children had the recommended minimum dietary diversity. Mother's education (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.51 (1.65, 3.83)), mothers currently working (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.83 (1.47, 2.29)), mother's wealth index (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 4.75 (3.31, 6.81)), age of a child (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.72 (1.24, 2.39)), and number of under-five children (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.49 (1.12, 2.00)) were significantly associated with the minimum dietary diversity. CONCLUSION: The minimum dietary diversity was not achieved by most children 6-59 months of age in Ethiopia. Ensuring large-scale interventions that focus on the identified factors should be considered by concerned bodies to improve the dietary diversity practice.

Latrine Ownership and Its Determinants in Rural Villages of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia: Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: Open defecation was largely a rural phenomenon most widely attributed to poor latrine ownership at community level. We aimed at examining latrine ownership and its determinants in rural villages of the Tigray region, Northern Ethiopia. Methods: Community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from June to July 2018. A total of 756 randomly selected households were involved in the study. The multistage cluster sampling technique was used to select study households. Data were checked, coded, and entered into Epi-Info version 7. Besides, it was exported to SPSS version 20 for data analysis. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was involved to estimate the net effect size of factors associated with latrine ownership. Results: The proportion of households owning latrine was 35.7%. The majority (84.4%) of constructed latrines were utilized by household families. Households advocated latrine IEC by Health Extension Workers (HEWs) (AOR = 1.902, 95% CI: 1.269-2.852), living in their private house (AOR = 3.13, 95% CI: 1.528-6.401), and the occupation status of government employees (AOR = 3.54, 95% CI: 0.586-21.397) are more likely to lead to the construction of latrines. The availability of latrine made on slab floor (AOR = 1.790, 95% CI: 0.297-3.102), having a latrine constructed inside the household compound (AOR = 4.463, 95% CI: 1.021-19.516), and delivery of latrine IEC by Women Development Armies (WDAs) (AOR = 2.425, 95% CI: 0.728-8.083) may lead to better latrine utilization at the household level. Conclusion: Households owning latrine at the community level were low. The desired level of latrine ownership will be realized if all sanitation and hygiene components are kept on eye side by side in line with identified predictor factors.

Mass Psychogenic Illness in Haraza Elementary School, Erop District, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia: Investigation to the Nature of an Episode.

BACKGROUND: Mass psychogenic illness has been documented for more than 600 years in a variety of cultural, ethnic, and religious settings. We aimed to assess the nature and characteristics of mass psychogenic illness and to evaluate community awareness and perception about the treatment they practiced in Haraza Elementary School, Erop district, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. METHODS: A school-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Haraza Elementary School from January to February, 2020. Students who were victims of an episode were subjects of the study. A total of twelve students were investigated using a semistructured questionnaire for a quantitative study. Seven key informant interviews were conducted using a guiding questionnaire. Quantitative data was analyzed using XL sheet while qualitative data were analyzed manually. RESULTS: The mean age of study participants was 14 years (SD ± 1.3). The majority (87%) were teenage female students. The incident was an unspecified disease with psychiatric disorder, migraine, and syncope with no plausible organic causes. An important feature of migraine and syncope was their comorbidity with mass psychogenic illness. The community perceived that evil devil force and blaming the being as an evil eye were common causes of the occurrence of an episode. CONCLUSION: Lack of empirical knowledge and awareness about its management and prevention among community members and health professionals resulted exaggerated rumor that would perceive as newly emerging disease that affected school activities. Integrating MPI in PHEM package at health facility level, advocacy workshops for media, and other relevant stakeholders will minimize its impact for the future.

Level of quality of option B+PMTCT service provision in public health facilities in Mekelle zone, northern Ethiopia: cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Substantial improvements have been observed in coverage and access to maternal health services in Ethiopia. However, the quality of care has been lagging behind. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the level of quality of Option B+ PMTCT in Northern Ethiopia. METHODS: A facility based survey was conducted from February to April 2016 in Northern Ethiopia. Twelve health facilities were enrolled in the study. Mixed method approach was used in line with Donabedian (Input- Process-Output) service quality assessment model. Data of 168 HIV positive mothers & their infant were abstracted from registers, and follow up charts. During the Option B+ service consultation, a total of 60 sessions were involved for direct observation. Of which, 30 clients and 12 service providers were subjected for exit and in-depth interview respectively. Facilities were categorized rendering good service quality based on predetermined quality judgment criteria. Reasons of good and bad service quality were thematically fitted with each quality component based on emerging themes (TM1-TM3), and categories (CA1-CA6). RESULTS: Of the total 12 study health facilities, 2(16.7%) were achieved the desired level of service quality based on the three quality components. The input quality was better and judged as good in 33.3% health facilities. However; process and output service quality were realized in one - fourth of them. CONCLUSION: Insignificant numbers of facilities fulfilled the aspired level of service quality. Quality of care was found influenced by multiple inputs, processes, and output related barriers and facilitators. Comprehensive Program monitoring is needed based on three quality components to improve the overall service quality.