Trends in Hospitalization for Pediatric Pulmonary Hypertension.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) has been associated with substantial morbidity and mortality in children, but existing analyses of inpatient care are limited to small single-institution series or focused registries representative of selected patient subgroups. We examined US national data on pediatric PH hospitalizations to determine trends in volume, demographics, procedures performed during admission, and resource utilization. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study using a national administrative database of pediatric hospital discharges: the Kids' Inpatient Database. RESULTS: Children with PH accounted for 0.13% of the 43 million pediatric hospitalizations in the United States between 1997 and 2012, and discharges demonstrated an increasing trend over the study period (P < .0001). Cumulative, inflation-adjusted national hospital charges for PH hospitalizations rose (P = .0003) from $926 million in 1997 to $3.12 billion in 2012. Patients with PH without associated congenital heart disease (CHD) comprised an increasing and majority (56.4%) proportion over the study period (P < .0001), children without associated CHD admitted at urban teaching hospitals comprised the fastest-growing subgroup. In-hospital, all-cause mortality was high (5.9%) in children with PH, but demonstrated a decreasing trend (P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: Morbidity and mortality of pediatric PH continue to represent substantial and growing health care burdens. Shifts in case mix toward PH not associated with CHD, toward noncardiac procedures, and toward care in urban teaching hospitals will increase pressure to manage resource utilization in this small but growing patient group and to improve expertise and define excellence in PH care across a wide range of clinical settings.

Pulmonary vascular resistance index and mortality after paediatric heart transplant.

BACKGROUND: Although some prior studies have provided evidence to question the historical belief that pulmonary vascular resistance index ⩾6 Wood Units×m2 should be a contraindication to heart transplantation in children, no national analyses specific to the modern area have addressed this question. METHODS: Data were analysed for paediatric heart transplant recipients from 1 January, 2002 to 1 September, 2012 (n=699). The relationship between pulmonary vascular resistance and all-cause 30-day mortality was evaluated using univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: The 30-day mortality included 10 patients (1.43%), which is lower than in the previous analyses. Receiver operating curve analysis of pulmonary vascular resistance index as a predictor of mortality yielded a cut-off value of 3.37 Wood Units×m2, but the area under the curve and specificity of this threshold was weaker than in previous analyses. Whereas pulmonary vascular resistance index treated as a dichotomised variable was a significant predictor of mortality in univariate (odds ratio 4.92, 95% confidence interval 1.04-23.33, p=0.045) and multivariate (odds ratio 5.26, 95% confidence interval 1.07-25.80, p=0.041) analyses, pulmonary vascular resistance index treated as a continuous variable was not a significant predictor of mortality in univariate (p=0.12) or multivariate (p=0.11) analyses. CONCLUSIONS: The relationship between pulmonary vascular resistance and post-heart transplant mortality in children is less convincing in this analysis of a comprehensive, contemporary database than in previous series. This suggests the possibility that modern improvements in the management of post-transplant right ventricular dysfunction have mitigated the contribution of pulmonary hypertension to early mortality.

Effect of preoperative angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and angiotensin II receptor blocker use on hemodynamic variables in pediatric patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass.

BACKGROUND: Some have suggested that children undergoing cardiac surgery who receive angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors experience a greater degree of hypotension after anesthesia induction and in the immediate postcardiopulmonary bypass period than children who did not receive these drugs. Therefore, we examined the effect of ACE inhibitor/angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) therapy on intraoperative hemodynamics and vasopressor use in pediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgery. METHODS: In a retrospective cohort study of patients younger than 18 years who underwent cardiopulmonary bypass between March 1, 2010, and April 1, 2011, we compared intraoperative hemodynamics and vasopressor use between patients who received preoperative ACE inhibitor/ARB therapy and those who did not. The primary outcome was vasoactive infusion score after cardiopulmonary bypass. RESULTS: The occurrence of hypotension did not differ significantly between the ACE inhibitor/ARB group and the control group during induction of anesthesia or at any time point after cardiopulmonary bypass. At 0, 30, 60, and 90 minutes after cessation of cardiopulmonary bypass, patients on ACE inhibitor/ARB therapy tended to have a higher vasoactive infusion score (7.1, 7.6, 9.4, and 11.3) than patients in the control group (6.3, 6.1, 6.0, and 6.7). Although this difference became more pronounced over time, it did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSION: The use of preoperative ACE inhibitors and ARBs in pediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgery did not significantly increase the incidence of hypotension after induction of anesthesia and did not increase significantly the vasoconstrictor requirements upon weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass; however, additional prospective studies are needed.