Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction With Bone-Patellar Tendon-Bone Autograft, the Incidence of Anterior Knee Pain Ranges From 5.4% to 48.4% and the Incidence of Kneeling Pain Ranges From 4.0% to 75.6%: A Systematic Review of Level I Studies.

Purpose: To (1) perform a systematic review of level I randomized controlled trials (RCTs) detailing the incidence of anterior knee pain and kneeling pain following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) with bone-patellar tendon-bone (BPTB) autograft and (2) investigate the effect of bone grafting the patellar harvest site on anterior knee and kneeling pain. Methods: A systematic review of level I studies from 1980 to 2023 was performed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. The primary outcome evaluated was the presence of donor site morbidity in the form of anterior knee pain or kneeling pain. A secondary subanalysis was performed to assess for differences in the incidence of postoperative pain between patient groups undergoing ACLR with BPTB receiving harvest site bone grafting and those in whom the defect was left untreated. Results: Following full-text review, 15 studies reporting on a total of 696 patients met final inclusion criteria. Patients were followed for an average of 4.78 years (range, 2.0-15.3), and the mean age ranged from 21.7 to 38 years old. The incidence of anterior knee pain, calculated from 354 patients across 10 studies, ranged from 5.4% to 48.4%. The incidence of postoperative pain with kneeling was determined to range from 4.0% to 75.6% in 490 patients from 9 studies. Patients treated with bone grafting of the BPTB harvest site had no significant difference in incidence of any knee pain compared with those who were not grafted, with incidences of 43.3% and 40.2%, respectively. Conclusions: Based on the current level I RCT data, the incidences of anterior knee pain and kneeling pain following ACLR with BPTB autograft range from 5.4% to 48.4% and 4.0% to 75.6%, respectively. Level of Evidence: Level I, systematic review of RCTs.

Management of Acromioclavicular Joint Injuries: A Historic Account.

There has been a rapid evolution in best practice management of acromioclavicular (AC) joint injuries. AP, Zanca, scapular Y, and dynamic axillary radiographic views provide optimal visualization of the joint and may assess for the presence of horizontal AC instability. Severity of AC joint pathology is classified according to the 6-tier Rockwood scoring system. Over 160 surgical techniques have been described for AC joint repair and reconstruction in the last decade; as a result, determining the optimal treatment algorithm has become increasingly challenging secondary to the lack of consistently excellent clinical outcomes.

A Three-Headed Piriformis Muscle With Splitting of the Common Fibular Nerve.

Although the division of the piriformis muscle by the sciatic nerve or its branches is fairly common, other anatomical variations of this muscle are relatively uncommon. Here, we present a cadaveric case found to have an atypical composition of the piriformis muscle. During the routine dissection of the right gluteal region in an adult male cadaver, an unusual finding of the piriformis muscle was observed. Three distinct heads of the muscle were identified. In addition, one of these heads split the common fibular nerve. The anatomy and relationships of this case are presented here. Any variation in neurovasculature and musculature can be relevant for diagnosing or surgically intervening in the gluteal region. The present case is apparently unique and of archival value.

Arthroscopic Labral Repair Using Knotless Suture Anchors in the Setting of a 270° Labral Tear of the Shoulder.

Extensive glenoid labral tears, whether the result of repetitive instability or first-time dislocation, compromise the mechanical stability of the glenohumeral joint due to disruption of the anterior, inferior, posterior, and/or superior portions of the labrum. These lesions often result in recurrent multiplanar instability and pain that is nonresponsive to conservative management and difficult to diagnose due to variability in clinical presentation and advanced imaging findings. Arthroscopic repair techniques to address symptomatic shoulder instability have showed positive patient-reported outcomes, low failure rates, and high return-to-sport rates. The evolution of knotless suture anchors offers a fixation method that has proven to be functionally equivalent to knotted suture anchors while avoiding the risks of knotted anchors (knot loosening, knot migration, articular abrasion) and allowing easier placement and decreased operative time. The purpose of this technique is to describe our preferred method to treat a 270° labral tear through arthroscopic knotless anchor repair and demonstrate the expanded application of this technique for extensive glenoid labral pathology.

Editorial Commentary: Methodology of Measuring Bone Loss in Recurrent Shoulder Instability Surgery: Traditional Computed Tomography Scan and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Do Not Tell the Full Story.

When measuring bone loss in recurrent shoulder instability, both computed tomography (CT) scan and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are accurate using the circle method. However, measurement of on- versus off-track lesions can be inconsistent, and measuring Hill-Sachs lesions on MRI relative to an extrapolated rotator cuff attachment is difficult. In the end, determination of on- versus off-track treatment is quite difficult, and for this determination, differences between CT scan and MRI may be clinically imperceptible. Thus, for now, we, and we believe, other surgeons will continue to stick with the circle technique when determining individual patient treatment for recurrent shoulder instability.

Alternative Management of the Capsule in the Bristow-Latarjet Procedure.

The Bristow-Latarjet procedure is considered the current gold standard for the management of anterior glenohumeral joint instability in which significant glenoid bone loss is present, and numerous techniques have been proposed for capsular management after the bony augmentation component of the procedure. These techniques for capsular management include excision of the capsule and labrum, 2-flap elevation, T-capsulotomy, or an L-shaped incision into the capsule. Capsular management during open shoulder procedures may vary among surgeons and may or may not include capsulolabral repair after the Bristow-Latarjet procedure. The purpose of this Technical Note was to illustrate an alternative approach to capsular management, focusing on the elevation of the capsulolabral complex as a sleeve along with augmentation using the coracoacromial ligament during the Bristow-Latarjet procedure in patients with anterior glenohumeral instability. The proposed technique provides the benefit of improvement in visualization to more reliably identify the ideal location for bone block placement and allows for the surgeon to perform a large inferior-to-superior capsular shift to prevent inferior subluxation or instability.

Distal Clavicular Augmentation with Acromioclavicular and Coracoclavicular Ligament Reconstruction in the Setting of Iatrogenic Induced Acromioclavicular Instability.

Although chronic pain and dysfunction of the acromioclavicular (AC) joint can reliably be treated with distal clavicle excision, disruption of the local stabilizing ligamentous structures may result in iatrogenic instability of the joint. Iatrogenic AC joint instability is a rare condition caused by over resection of the distal clavicle with unintended injury to the stabilizing ligaments in the treatment of AC joint pain. Addressing postresection instability can prove to be difficult because most reconstruction techniques are intended for patients with traumatic AC joint instability with the goal of creating an anatomically stable joint. However, in the setting of iatrogenic instability, the decreased bone stock of the distal clavicle results in instability of the AC joint, especially in the horizontal plane, and may cause these techniques to fail. Thus, operative management must aim to correct both the osseous and ligamentous deficits responsible for the genesis of this instability. In this Technical Note, we describe bony augmentation of the distal clavicle with an iliac crest bone autograft for chronic iatrogenic acromioclavicular joint instability with concomitant reconstruction of the AC and coracoclavicular ligaments.

Epidemiology of Injuries Identified at the NFL Scouting Combine and Their Impact on Performance in the National Football League: Evaluation of 2203 Athletes From 2009 to 2015.

BACKGROUND: At the annual National Football League (NFL) Scouting Combine, the medical staff of each NFL franchise performs a comprehensive medical evaluation of all athletes potentially entering the NFL. Currently, little is known regarding the overall epidemiology of injuries identified at the combine and their impact on NFL performance. PURPOSE: To determine the epidemiology of injuries identified at the combine and their impact on initial NFL performance. STUDY DESIGN: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS: All previous musculoskeletal injuries identified at the NFL Combine from 2009 to 2015 were retrospectively reviewed. Medical records and imaging reports were examined. Game statistics for the first 2 seasons of NFL play were obtained for all players from 2009 to 2013. Analysis of injury prevalence and overall impact on the draft status and position-specific performance metrics of each injury was performed and compared with a position-matched control group with no history of injury or surgery. RESULTS: A total of 2203 athletes over 7 years were evaluated, including 1490 (67.6%) drafted athletes and 1040 (47.2%) who ultimately played at least 2 years in the NFL. The most common sites of injury were the ankle (1160, 52.7%), shoulder (1143, 51.9%), knee (1128, 51.2%), spine (785, 35.6%), and hand (739, 33.5%). Odds ratios (ORs) demonstrated that quarterbacks were most at risk of shoulder injury (OR, 2.78; P = .001), while running backs most commonly sustained ankle (OR, 1.39; P = .040) and shoulder injuries (OR, 1.55; P = .020) when compared with all other players. Ultimately, defensive players demonstrated a greater negative impact due to injury than offensive players, with multiple performance metrics significantly affected for each defensive position analyzed, whereas skilled offensive players (eg, quarterbacks, running backs) demonstrated only 1 metric significantly affected at each position. CONCLUSION: The most common sites of injury identified at the combine were (1) ankle, (2) shoulder, (3) knee, (4) spine, and (5) hand. Overall, performance in the NFL tended to worsen with injury history, with a direct correlation found between injury at a certain anatomic location and position of play. Defensive players tended to perform worse compared with offensive players if injury history was present.

Anatomical Glenoid Reconstruction Using Fresh Osteochondral Distal Tibia Allograft After Failed Latarjet Procedure.

In the treatment of recurrent anterior glenohumeral instability, the Latarjet procedure has been shown to fail. This results in a need for viable revisional procedures for patients who present with this challenging pathology. We report our preferred technique for anatomical glenoid reconstruction using a fresh osteochondral distal tibia allograft after a failed Latarjet procedure. This bony augmentation technique employs a readily available dense, weight-bearing osseous tissue source that has excellent conformity, as well as the added benefit of a cartilaginous surface to correct chondral deficiencies. Given its effectiveness in the Latarjet revision setting and low complication rate, the distal tibia allograft is a reasonable treatment option.