RESUMO
CONTEXT: Malnutrition in children is common globally and may result in both short- and long-term irreversible negative health outcomes. It is not a simple disease with single causative factor but it is a disease with multifactorial causation. AIMS: 1) To estimate prevalence of malnutrition in underfive children using "Z" score. 2) To evaluate the role of epidemiological and maternal factors on the nutritional status of children. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: Community-based cross-sectional study. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Randomly 10 slums were selected and under five-year-old children and their mothers from urban slums were examined and interviewed. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Data was analyzed with SPSS ver 20 and appropriate tests were applied. RESULTS: Four-hundred children were examined. According to Z score classification, 39.8%, 36.5%, and 24.8% of children are underweight, stunted, and wasted, respectively. Family size (P = 0.02, χ2 = 7.7), initiation of breastfeeding (P = 0.009, χ2 = 6.8), maternal education (P = 0.001, χ2 = 13.9), underweight mothers (P = 0.05, χ2 = 4.8), and maternal dietary intake (P = 0.03, χ2 = 6.5) are significantly associated with underweight children. Similarly, stunted children show strong association with increasing age of child (P = 0.001, χ2 = 18.1), birth weight (P = 0.006, χ2 = 7.6), and not seeking medical opinion (P = 0.03, χ2 = 7.0). Primary immunization (P = 0.05, χ2 = 3.5), maternal education (P = 0.002, χ2 = 12.4), employed mothers (P = 0.02, χ2 = 4.9), and underweight mothers (P = 0.05, χ2 = 5.3) are associated with wasting in children. CONCLUSIONS: This study reveals very high prevalence of malnutrition status among underfive children of urban slums of commercial capital of India. Various maternal and epidemiological factors affect child nutritional status.
RESUMO
OBJECTIVES: 1. To compare the protective antibody titres on day 14, 30 and 90 after giving intramuscular (IM) injections of PCECV and subcutaneous injections of Nervous Tissue Vaccine. 2. To compare the immunogenicity and safety of PCECV and NTV. METHODS AND MATERIALS: The study enrolled cases in three groups. Group 'C' or control group: (n = 38) : This group comprised of 38 normal healthy volunteers without dog-bite. Group 'A' (n = 102): This group included cases of dog-bite fulfilling inclusion/exclusion criteria. Each one of Group A and C were given PCECV as post exposure treatment (PET) on day 0-3-7-14-30 and 90. Group 'B' (n = 50): This group included 50 cases of dog-bite who received NTV. The rabies virus neutralizing antibody titres were estimated by RFFIT (Rapid Fluorescent Focus Inhibition Test) on day 0, 14, 30 and 90 days. 45 recipients of PCECV were re-tested for persistence of Protective Antibodies at the end of 1 year. RESULTS: Of these 37, 91 and 45 cases were evaluable in Groups C, A and B respectively. The antibody titres in Groups A, B, C were 13.4, 3.2, 22.8 IU/ml respectively; the protective titre being 0.5 IU/ml.5% PCECV recepients had delayed response on day 30.14% of NTV recepients did not seroconvert. CONCLUSIONS: The Immunogenicity, Reactogenicity and safety of PCECV is well established. 5% of PCECV receipients showed a delayed sero conversion. 14% of NTV receipients did not sero convert at all. Therefore it is desirable to estimate antibody titres on day 14 after vaccination. If difficult, then all the cases of animal bite must receive passive immunization with rabies immunoglobulins.
