[Study of cytogenetic and cytotoxic effect of non-contact electrochemically-activated waters in the five organs of rats].

For the first time the multiorgan karyological analysis of five organs of rats was applied for the study of the cytogenetic and cytotoxic action of the four types of non-contact electrochemically activated water in the 30-days in vivo experiment. The effects of investigated waters were not detected in bone marrow polychromatic erythrocytes. "Anolyte" (ORP = -362 mV) did not have a negative effect on rats. "Catholyte-5" (ORP = +22 mV) and "Catholyte-25" (ORP = -60 mV) induced cytogenetic abnormalities in the bladder and fore stomach. The same catholytes and "Catholyte-40" (ORP = -10 mV) changed the proliferation indices: increased the mitotic index in the fore stomach epithelium and reduced the frequency of binucleated cells in the fore stomach, bladder and lungs. The increase in the rate of cells with cytogenetic abnormalities on the background of the promotion of mitotic activity can be considered as a manifestation of the negative effect, typical for catolytes, but the effect of each out of them has its own features.

[Harmonization with international approaches to guidance documents on methods of assessment of the mutagenic properties of chemical environmental factors].

Evaluation of mutagenic activity--an indispensable element of the toxicological characteristics of chemicals in their hygienic regulation. In the article there is performed an analysis of the adopted in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and in Russia guidance documents on methods of assessment of the mutagenic properties of chemicals. In the OECD there are 17 manuals, each of which describes a single method, in Russia there were approved five guidance documents for specific groups of chemicals (drugs, pesticides, nanomaterials, substances normalized in the water and the air), which represent the basic and auxiliary methods of testing mutagens. Basic methods aimed to the evaluation of gene, chromosomal and genomic mutations include: assessment of gene mutations in bacteria, methods for estimating mutations in cell cultures of human and mammals in vitro, methods for inspecting mutations in somatic and germ cells of mammals in vivo. Analysis of Russian documents shows that the protocols of basic tests of assessment of the mutagenic activity are close to the protocols of the OECD. It is necessary to publish guidance documents on tests of assessment of the mutagenic activity of chemicals harmonized with the OECD documents.

[Role of repair gene polymorphism in estimating the sensitivity of human genome to radon in concentrations exceeding maximum permissible level].

The paper gives the results of investigating chromosome aberrations in human peripheral blood lymphocytes due to DNA repair genes, such as hOGG1, ADPRT, APE1, XRCC1, XpG, XpC, XpD, and NBS1, upon long-term exposure to excess indoor radon concentrations. The frequency of chromosome aberrations was found to be significantly lower in the carriers of the genotype hOGG1 326 Ser/Ser (versus the variant Ser/Cys), APE1 148 Asp/Asp (versus Val/Ala and Ala/Ala). The study polymorphic systems were shown to be of value in giving rise to individual types of chromosome aberrations (single fragments and chromosome exchanges).

[Effect of titanium dioxide nano- and microparticles on the values of the micronucleus test using human blood lymphocytes in culture].

The activity of the nano- and microparticles of titanium dioxide (TD) given in doses of 1.6, 40.0, and 500 microg/ml was studied in the cytochalasin B block micronucleus test with blood cells from two donors. It was shown that nano-DT in doses of 1.6 and 40 microg/ml was more active than micro-DT in inducing micronuclei and nucleoplasmic bridges, asymmetric cell division, and accelerated cell proliferation. Some differences in individual sensitivity to TD between donor blood cultures were due to an inverse trend in the association between the indicators of genomic damage and apoptosis. The new nuclear morphometry test that had developed to screen genotoxic effects and used in this study for the first time revealed a nano-DT dose-depended increase in the asymmetry of nuclei in the binucleated cells in the cultures of both blood donors, the morphometric effects being directly correlated with the values of cytogenetic analysis.

[Toxic and genetic risk assessments in children of Gornaya Shoria].

This comprehensive study assessed a number of environmental factors that were potentially able to induce genotoxic effects in man. A set of radiological, physicochemical, and bioindication techniques was used to estimate the quality of water, air, and soil in the places of residence and education of children and adolescents from the boarding school of the town of Tashtagol and schoolchildren from the village of Krasnoye, Kemerovo Region. Excess radon levels in the air of living spaces and classes, a small excess of the maximum allowable concentration of gross forms of heavy metals in individual soil samples, and high toxic effects in the Drosophila gametes exposed to air samples were revealed in the Tashtagol children having higher genotoxic effects in the lymphocyte than those in the Krasnoye village ones. The findings suggest that the marked genotoxic effects recorded over a long time in the lymphocytes of children and adolescents living in Tashtagol may be associated with the complex influence of the above factors. It is north supplementing further investigations by an extended chemical analysis of water, air, snow, and soil samples taken in the places of residence and education of children.

[Analysis of the mutagenic activity of aqueous and buffer extracts from oil-polluted soil samples].

The Ames test on Salmonella typhimurium TA 100 and TA 98 strains were used to study the mutagenic activity of aqueous (pH 7.4) and buffer (pH 4.5) extracts from soil samples containing different oil levels (from 16 to 3526 mg per kg soil), which had been taken from different areas of a town, and buffer extracts from model soil samples added by crude West-Siberian oil (160-15625 mg/kg). The extracts from all soil samples showed no mutagenic activity. The buffer soil sample extract containing oil in the amount of 12290 mg/kg and oil and coal combustion products had a mutagenic effect with metabolic activation on the TA 98 strain. It is suggested that the mutagenic effect of this sample is associated with oil and coal combustion products.

[Impact of iodination on the total mutagenic activity of chlorinated tap water].

The impact of iodination on the total mutagenic activity (TMA) of chlorinated tap water was studied. Iodination was made, by using iodine in doses of 0.5 to 4.0 mg/l on an experimental unit at pH 7.3-7.5 for 30 min. Organic water pollutants were concentrated, by using the polymer sorbent Separon SE. The mutagenic activity of water concentrates was evaluated in the Ames test using the strains Salmonella TA 100 and TA 98 both in the presence and in the absence of the metabolic activation system. Iodination substantially reduced the TMA of chlorinated tap water. The minimally effective dose of iodine against the TMA of chlorinated tap water was 1 mg/l, as evidenced by the tests using all the strains/variants and 0.5 mg/l, as shown by the tests using the strain TA 100 in the variant without metabolic activation.

Mutagenic activity of cyclohexene and products of its chlorination.

Cyclohexene exhibits no mutagenic effect in the Ames test. Products of its transformation (chlorination) produced a mutagenic effect in the Ames test on TA 100 strain without metabolic activation and in the micronucleus test on epithelial cells from mouse urinary bladder and colon. These findings are consistent with epidemiological data on higher incidence of urinary bladder and rectal cancers in subjects consuming chlorinated drinking water from surface water reservoirs.

[The hygienic evaluation of the mutagenic potential of industrial wastes]. / Gigienicheskaia ostenka mutagennogo potentsiala promyshlennykh otkhodov.

A combination of two approaches to assessing the carcinogenic and mutagenic potentials of industrial waste is proposed. One approach includes determination of the carcinogenic and mutagenic properties of individual chemicals of waste, the other involves biological indication of the cumulative mutagenic activity of waste samples. The mutagenic potential of some waste samples of aircraft industry was determined.

[Impact of chlorination and ozonization on the total mutagenic activity of drinking water]. / Vliianie khlorirovaniia i ozonirovaniia na summarnuiu mutagennuiu aktivnost' pit'evoi vody.

The total mutagenic activity of chemical pollution of the water taken from the Volga water reservoir was investigated after its treatment with chlorine and ozone. The toxicity of the water was absent after its ozone treatment. Mutagens were found to form after water chlorination. Their levels can be reduced by subsequent treatment with ozone in a dose of 0.5 mg/l.