Spinocerebellar ataxia type 27B (SCA27B) in India: insights from a large cohort study suggest ancient origin.

BACKGROUND: The ethnic diversity of India provides a unique opportunity to study the history of the origin of mutations of genetic disorders. Spinocerebellar ataxia type 27B (SCA27B), a recently identified dominantly inherited cerebellar disorder is caused by GAA-repeat expansions in intron 1 of Fibroblast Growth Factor 14 (FGF14). Predominantly reported in the European population, we aimed to screen this mutation and study the founder haplotype of SCA27B in Indian ataxia patients. METHODS: We have undertaken screening of GAA repeats in a large Indian cohort of ~ 1400 uncharacterised ataxia patients and kindreds and long-read sequencing-based GAA repeat length assessment. High throughput genotyping-based haplotype analysis was also performed. We utilized ~ 1000 Indian genomes to study the GAA at-risk expansion alleles. FINDINGS: We report a high frequency of 1.83% (n = 23) of SCA27B in the uncharacterized Indian ataxia cohort. We observed several biallelic GAA expansion mutations (n = 5) with younger disease onset. We observed a risk haplotype (AATCCGTGG) flanking the FGF14-GAA locus over a 74 kb region in linkage disequilibrium. We further studied the frequency of this risk haplotype across diverse geographical population groups. The highest prevalence of the risk haplotype was observed in the European population (29.9%) followed by Indians (21.5%). The observed risk haplotype has existed through ~ 1100 generations (~ 22,000 years), assuming a correlated genealogy. INTERPRETATION: This study provides valuable insights into SCA27B and its Upper Paleolithic origin in the Indian subcontinent. The high occurrence of biallelic expansion is probably relevant to the endogamous nature of the Indian population.

Medial Pterygoid Abscess Masquerading as a Temporomandibular Joint Disorder: A Case Report.

A patient presenting with a history of restricted mouth opening and deflection of the mandible after a prolonged dental procedure raises a suspicion of temporomandibular joint disorder (TMD) due to its estimated high prevalence of 29%. Muscle relaxants and routine active physiotherapy established normal range of movement and pain reduction was achieved through TENS therapy and analgesics. However, the non-subsidence of deflection prompted an initial suspicion of TMD which was overturned by MRI. The MRI evaluation revealed left side medial pterygoid abscess. It is imperative to understand that despite strong history and relevant clinical features, for the definitive diagnosis radiographic evaluation is highly contributory. Misdiagnosing TMD due to its similar presentation can have significant implications for the patient's well-being and quality of life. The clinical features of medial pterygoid abscess including restricted mouth opening and pain can be similar to that of TMD. These abscesses are most commonly caused by odontogenic infections but can also occur as a result of septic inferior alveolar nerve block techniques. Limited literature reports of pterygoid space abscess have been described, but intramuscular and medial pterygoid abscess is an absolute rarity. Causal relationship to septic inferior alveolar nerve block further makes this case report an interesting read.

OsMED14_2, a tail module subunit of Mediator complex, controls rice development and involves jasmonic acid.

The Mediator complex is essential for eukaryotic transcription, yet its role and the function of its individual subunits in plants, especially in rice, remain poorly understood. Here, we investigate the function of OsMED14_2, a subunit of the Mediator tail module, in rice development. Overexpression and knockout of OsMED14_2 resulted in notable changes in panicle morphology and grain size. Microscopic analysis revealed impact of overexpression on pollen maturation, reflected by reduced viability, irregular shapes, and aberrant intine development. OsMED14_2 was found to interact with proteins involved in pollen development, namely, OsMADS62, OsMADS63 and OsMADS68, and its overexpression negatively affected the expression of OsMADS68 and the expression of other genes involved in intine development, including OsCAP1, OsGCD1, OsRIP1, and OsCPK29. Additionally, we found that OsMED14_2 overexpression influences jasmonic acid (JA) homeostasis, affecting bioactive JA levels, and expression of OsJAZ genes. Our data suggest OsMED14_2 may act as a regulator of JA-responsive genes through its interactions with OsHDAC6 and OsJAZ repressors. These findings contribute to better understanding of the Mediator complex's role in plant traits regulation.

Systems Genetics Analyses Reveals Key Genes Related to Behavioral Traits in the Striatum of CFW Mice.

The striatum plays a central role in directing many complex behaviors ranging from motor control to action choice and reward learning. In our study, we used 55 male CFW mice with rapid decay linkage disequilibrium to systematically mine the striatum-related behavioral functional genes by analyzing their striatal transcriptomes and 79 measured behavioral phenotypic data. By constructing a gene coexpression network, we clustered the genes into 13 modules, with most of them being positively correlated with motor traits. Based on functional annotations as well as Fisher's exact and hypergeometric distribution tests, brown and magenta modules were identified as core modules. They were significantly enriched for striatal-related functional genes. Subsequent Mendelian randomization analysis verified the causal relationship between the core modules and dyskinesia. Through the intramodular gene connectivity analysis, Adcy5 and Kcnma1 were identified as brown and magenta module hub genes, respectively. Knock outs of both Adcy5 and Kcnma1 lead to motor dysfunction in mice, and KCNMA1 acts as a risk gene for schizophrenia and smoking addiction in humans. We also evaluated the cellular composition of each module and identified oligodendrocytes in the striatum to have a positive role in motor regulation.

Emerging Trends of Gold Nanostructures for Point-of-Care Biosensor-Based Detection of COVID-19.

In 2019, a worldwide pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged. SARS-CoV-2 is the deadly microorganism responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which has caused millions of deaths and irreversible health problems worldwide. To restrict the spread of SARS-CoV-2, accurate detection of COVID-19 is essential for the identification and control of infected cases. Although recent detection technologies such as the real-time polymerase chain reaction delivers an accurate diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2, they require a long processing duration, expensive equipment, and highly skilled personnel. Therefore, a rapid diagnosis with accurate results is indispensable to offer effective disease suppression. Nanotechnology is the backbone of current science and technology developments including nanoparticles (NPs) that can biomimic the corona and develop deep interaction with its proteins because of their identical structures on the nanoscale. Various NPs have been extensively applied in numerous medical applications, including implants, biosensors, drug delivery, and bioimaging. Among them, point-of-care biosensors mediated with gold nanoparticles (GNPSs) have received great attention due to their accurate sensing characteristics, which are widely used in the detection of amino acids, enzymes, DNA, and RNA in samples. GNPS have reconstructed the biomedical application of biosensors because of its outstanding physicochemical characteristics. This review provides an overview of emerging trends in GNP-mediated point-of-care biosensor strategies for diagnosing various mutated forms of human coronaviruses that incorporate different transducers and biomarkers. The review also specifically highlights trends in gold nanobiosensors for coronavirus detection, ranging from the initial COVID-19 outbreak to its subsequent evolution into a pandemic.

Utilisation of services provided at an outreach healthcare facility and its associated factors among residents in a coastal taluk of southern Karnataka: A cross-sectional study.

Introduction: Understanding the patterns of utilisation of primary health services can help to improve service delivery and utilisation, thereby reducing common morbidities in the community. The study aimed to assess the patterns of utilisation of services provided at an outreach healthcare centre. Methods: A community-based survey was conducted among families residing in the field practice area of an outreach centre for more than a year. Data were collected using a questionnaire administered to adults aged >18 years. Collected data were entered into and analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 16.0. Results: Approximately 65.1% of the respondents were aged 31-59 years, and 67.4% were women. Among 126 surveyed households, 50.7% had utilised services from the outreach centre. The facilitators of utilisation among 64 households included proximity to their area of residence (90.6%) and availability of good-quality services (40.6%). The most common barriers included a lack of awareness (30.9%) and inconvenient timings (18.2%) of the healthcare centre. The respondents aged <18 years (odds ratio [OR]=7.64; 95% confidence interval [CI]=4.37-13.37) and >45 years (OR=2.65; 95% CI=1.57-4.47) had higher odds of utilising services than those aged 18-45 years. The female respondents (OR=2.89; 95% CI=1.86-4.51) were more likely to utilise services than the male respondents. Conclusion: Creating awareness regarding the outreach healthcare centre and designing services based on the observed needs of the community can further improve the utilisation of services provided at the healthcare centre.

Efficacy of Oral Magnesium on Bone Regeneration and Implant Stability in Immediate Dental Implants: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

PURPOSE: The successful osseointegration around immediate implants requires high quality and quantity of osteogenesis around them. The role of magnesium as a boneenhancing mineral, and as an adjunctive analgesic has been well documented in orthopedic literature. However, there is a paucity of literature in its role in successful osseointegration around immediate implants. This randomized controlled trial sought to assess the promising impact of magnesium on osseointegration by examining various aspects of implant stability, correlating them with serum bone markers, and establishing a foundation for future research on its potential as a potent analgesic. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Immediate implant placement was done after the extraction of the indicated mandibular molar tooth, and all the patients were segregated into 2 groups (Placebo- Lactose, and Magnesium citrate). Bone regenerate in the peri-implant area was assessed radiographically immediate post-operatively, on the 6th week and 12 weeks. Implant stability was measured immediate post-operatively, at the 4th week and 12th week. Serum parameters were procured pre-operatively and post-operatively for serum calcium, serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and serum parathyroid hormone at the 8th week, and serum vitamin D3 levels preoperatively. RESULTS: 54 immediate implants placed showed the demographics and baseline serum, clinical, and radiographic parameters were comparable in both groups. Analysis of Implant Stability Quotient at 12th week showed statistically significant difference in intervention group both on intergroup and intragroup analysis. Radiodensity measurement showed a statistically significant difference in both intragroup and intergroup analysis in the intervention group at the 6th and 12th week. In bone gap analysis, the difference in mean change in the horizontal bone gap (HG) at 6 weeks was non-significant while the difference in HG at the 12th week was significant in the intervention group. On intragroup analysis, mean change HG at 6 weeks and 12 weeks both were significant only in intervention group. Intergroup analysis of vertical bone gap (VG) 12 and VG 12-0 (mean difference in the vertical bone gap from 12th week-day 0) showed a statistically significant difference in the intervention group. On intragroup analysis, VG 12 was significantly better in the intervention group. On serum analysis, ALP post-operatively was found to be significantly raised (P=0.013) in intervention group. Numerical rating Scale (NRS) analysis showed a significant decrease in post-op day 5 and 7, (P=0.017) and (P=0.002) respectively. CONCLUSION: The oral magnesium citrate supplementation after immediate implant placement helps in enhancing the stability of the immediate implants, along with improved radiodensity around them which was found to be statistically significant. It also helps in reducing the horizontal, and vertical gap around the implant and has significant analgesic potential.

Repeated Exposure of Vancomycin to Vancomycin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (VSSA) Parent Emerged VISA and VRSA Strains with Enhanced Virulence Potentials.

The emergence of resistance against the last-resort antibiotic vancomycin in staphylococcal infections is a serious concern for human health. Although various drug-resistant pathogens of diverse genetic backgrounds show higher virulence potential, the underlying mechanism behind this is not yet clear due to variability in their genetic dispositions. In this study, we investigated the correlation between resistance and virulence in adaptively evolved isogenic strains. The vancomycin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus USA300 was exposed to various concentrations of vancomycin repeatedly as a mimic of the clinical regimen to obtain mutation(s)-accrued-clonally-selected (MACS) strains. The phenotypic analyses followed by expression of the representative genes responsible for virulence and resistance of MACS strains were investigated. MACS strains obtained under 2 and 8 µg/ml vancomycin, named Van2 and Van8, respectively; showed enhanced vancomycin minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) to 4 and 16 µg/ml, respectively. The cell adhesion and invasion of MACS strains increased in proportion to their MICs. The correlation between resistance and virulence potential was partially explained by the differential expression of genes known to be involved in both virulence and resistance in MACS strains compared to parent S. aureus USA300. Repeated treatment of vancomycin against vancomycin-susceptible S. aureus (VSSA) leads to the emergence of vancomycin-resistant strains with variable levels of enhanced virulence potentials.

Evidence-based effectiveness of Ozone therapy in the treatment for oral lichen planus - A systematic review.

Oral lichen planus is a common, chronic mucocutaneous condition of uncertain origin. Early treatment of OLP can dramatically reduce the risk of further development, which in turn reduces the risk of developing cancer. Numerous methods can be used to treat OLP. Since the significance of ozone in treating this disease is still uncertain. This systematic review was conducted based on english databases, including PUBMED, SCOPUS, Embase, Ovid, and Journal of Web up to July 2022. We used the search phrases "ozone," "ozone in the treatment of oral lichen planus," "oral lichen planus," and "ozone therapy." Finally, five papers were selected for qualitative analysis. This review included a total of five papers, four of which were clinical trials and one was a longitudinal study. All studies included the erosive form of OLP, also ozone therapy was applied to patients who did not respond to conventional treatment. Ozone showed significant therapeutic effects in terms of reduction in pain and size of the lesion. The signs and symptoms associated with OLP such as burning sensation, lesion size, and scarring all considerably improved with ozone therapy.

Changes in Lower Limb Biomechanics Across Various Stages of Maturation and Implications for ACL Injury Risk in Female Athletes: a Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Female athletes are four to six times more likely to sustain an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury than male athletes. Jump-landing biomechanics are influenced by maturation, with post-pubertal female athletes at a heightened risk of ACL injuries. OBJECTIVE: The aim of our systematic review was to identify and summarise the current evidence regarding the changes in kinematic and kinetic risk factors associated with ACL injuries during jump-landing tasks in female athletes at various stages of maturity. METHODS: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, EMBASE and Scopus. Articles were included if they: (1) conducted the research on uninjured female athletes with no restriction on playing level/experience; (2) provided information regarding the stage of the maturity and the scale used for estimating the maturity status of the participants; and (3) reported a biomechanical risk factor associated with ACL injuries during jump-landing tasks across at least two different maturity groups (e.g. pre-pubertal vs post-pubertal). RESULTS: Sixteen articles involving 2323 female athletes were included in our review. A total of 12 kinematic and 8 kinetic variables were identified across these studies. Of the 12 kinematic variables reported in our review, we found strong evidence for higher peak knee abduction angle in post-pubertal female individuals compared with pre-pubertal girls (p < 0.05). With regard to the 8 kinetic variables, we found strong evidence for lower relative peak vertical ground reaction force, higher external knee abduction moment and internal rotation moment in post-pubertal compared with pre-pubertal athletes. The strength of evidence for the remaining kinematic and kinetic variables ranged from conflicting to moderate and, in some instances, could not be determined. CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides an overview of the changes in biomechanical risk factors in female athletes during jump-landing tasks at various stages of maturity. We found moderate-to-limited evidence for most kinematic and kinetic variables, highlighting the need for further research.

Review of Biosensors Based on Plasmonic-Enhanced Processes in the Metallic and Meta-Material-Supported Nanostructures.

Surface plasmons, continuous and cumulative electron vibrations confined to metal-dielectric interfaces, play a pivotal role in aggregating optical fields and energies on nanostructures. This confinement exploits the intrinsic subwavelength nature of their spatial profile, significantly enhancing light-matter interactions. Metals, semiconductors, and 2D materials exhibit plasmonic resonances at diverse wavelengths, spanning from ultraviolet (UV) to far infrared, dictated by their unique properties and structures. Surface plasmons offer a platform for various light-matter interaction mechanisms, capitalizing on the orders-of-magnitude enhancement of the electromagnetic field within plasmonic structures. This enhancement has been substantiated through theoretical, computational, and experimental studies. In this comprehensive review, we delve into the plasmon-enhanced processes on metallic and metamaterial-based sensors, considering factors such as geometrical influences, resonating wavelengths, chemical properties, and computational methods. Our exploration extends to practical applications, encompassing localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR)-based planar waveguides, polymer-based biochip sensors, and LSPR-based fiber sensors. Ultimately, we aim to provide insights and guidelines for the development of next-generation, high-performance plasmonic technological devices.

Persistent facial pain in post-stroke patients, a hospital-based cohort study; experience from North India.

Background: Post-stroke pain is common after a stroke and might be underreported. We describe Persistent Facial Pain (PFP) developed in post-stroke patients. Method: ology: This was a prospective hospital-based cohort study of stroke patients, and patients were followed up. Out of 415 stroke patients, 26 developed PFP. Result: Out of all PFP patients, six patients had an ischemic stroke, and 20 had a hemorrhagic stroke. 57.7% of patients had hypertension, while 34.6 patients had diabetes. The stroke location was left-sided in 12 patients and right-sided in 14 patients. 46.15% of patients responded to venlafaxine, 30.77% responded to amitriptyline, and 23.08% responded to pregabalin. Conclusion: Persistent facial pain is a pain syndrome that might be missed in patients post-stroke. It might be more common in hemorrhagic stroke patients than in ischemic stroke patients. It responds adequately to antidepressants. A high index of suspicion is required to diagnose and appropriately manage these patients.

SADXAI: Predicting social anxiety disorder using multiple interpretable artificial intelligence techniques.

Social anxiety disorder (SAD), also known as social phobia, is a psychological condition in which a person has a persistent and overwhelming fear of being negatively judged or observed by other individuals. This fear can affect them at work, in relationships and other social activities. The intricate combination of several environmental and biological factors is the reason for the onset of this mental condition. SAD is diagnosed using a test called the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Health Disorders (DSM-5), which is based on several physical, emotional and demographic symptoms. Artificial Intelligence has been a boon for medicine and is regularly used to diagnose various health conditions and diseases. Hence, this study used demographic, emotional, and physical symptoms and multiple machine learning (ML) techniques to diagnose SAD. A thorough descriptive and statistical analysis has been conducted before using the classifiers. Among all the models, the AdaBoost and logistic regression obtained the highest accuracy of 88 % each. Four eXplainable artificial techniques (XAI) techniques are utilized to make the predictions interpretable, transparent and understandable. According to XAI, the "Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale questionnaire" and "The fear of speaking in public" are the most critical attributes in the diagnosis of SAD. This clinical decision support system framework could be utilized in various suitable locations such as schools, hospitals and workplaces to identify SAD in people.

Distribution and risk assessment of pesticide pollution in small streams adjoining paddy fields.

The present investigation was planned to bridge the knowledge gap on spatiotemporal variations of pesticide pollution in small streams adjacent to paddy fields, and to visualize the associated risks in the aquatic ecosystems. We screened 106 pesticides using GCMSMS and LCMSMS from 10 small streams (n = 212, surface water samples) adjacent to paddy fields over seven months. Fifty-five pesticides were detected across different streams and months. The highest mean concentration was detected for fenobucarb (272 ng L-1), followed by thiamethoxam (199 ng L-1). The highest maximum concentration was detected for thiamethoxam ( 13,264 ng L-1), followed by triflumezopyrim ( 11,505 ng L-1). The highest detection frequency was recorded for fenobucarb (80.00%), followed by pretilachlor (79.00%). Out of the ten streams, Attabira stream had the highest mean number of pesticides detected in each sample. Maximum number of pesticides were detected in October followed by September. Pesticides namely, hexaconazole, pretilachlor, tricyclazole, fenobucarb and thiamethoxam were consistently detected across all streams. The risk assessment against the fishes, micro-invertebrates and algae were measured by risk quotient index (RQ). Twenty-five pesticides out of the detected pesticides (n = 55) had risk quotient values greater than 1. The highest RQmax values were observed in case of fenpropathrin followed by cyfluthrin-3. The highest RQmean value was observed in case of cyfluthrin, indicating its higher toxicity to fishes. The present study reveals that small streams are polluted with pesticides and there is a need to develop strategies and policy interventions in regularizing the pesticide uses for reducing the pesticide pollution in aquatic systems.

High-throughput method for Peptide mapping and Amino acid sequencing for Calcitonin Salmon in Calcitonin Salmon injection using Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography - High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) with the application of Bioinformatic tools.

BACKGROUND: Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) can provide direct and accurate sequence characterization of synthetic peptide drugs, and peptide drug products including side chain modifications in the Peptide drugs. This article explains a step-by-step guide to developing a high-throughput method using high resolution mass spectrometry for characterization of Calcitonin Salmon injection containing high proportion of UV-active excipients. METHODS: The major challenge in the method development of Amino acid sequencing and Peptide mapping was presence of phenol in drug product. Phenol is a UV-active excipient and reacts with both Dithiothreitol (DTT) and Trypsin. Hence Calcitonin Salmon was extracted from the Calcitonin Salmon injection using solid phase extraction after the extraction, Amino acid sequencing and peptide mapping study was performed. Upon incubation of Calcitonin Salmon with Trypsin and DTT, digested fragments were generated which were separated by mass compatible reverse phase chromatography and the molecular mass of each fragment was determined using HRMS. RESULTS: A reverse phase chromatographic method was developed using UHPLC-HRMS for the determination of direct mass, peptide mapping and to determine the amino acid sequencing in the Calcitonin Salmon injection. The method was found Specific and fragments after trypsin digest are well resolved from each other and the molecular mass of each fragment was determined using HRMS. Sequencing was performed using automated identification of b and y ions annotation and identifications based on MS/MS spectra using Biopharma finder and Proteome discoverer software. CONCLUSION: Using this approach 100% protein coverage was obtained and protein was identified as Calcitonin Salmon and the observed masses of tryptic digest of peptide was found similar with theoretical masses. The method can be used for both UV and MS based Peptide mapping and whereas the UV based peptide mapping method can be used as identification test for Calcitonin Salmon drug substance and drug product in quality control.

Methyl jasmonate inducible UGT79A18 is a novel glycosyltransferase involved in the bacoside biosynthetic pathway in Bacopa monnieri.

Bacosides are dammarane-type triterpenoidal saponins in Bacopa monnieri and have various pharmacological applications. All the bacosides are diversified from two isomers, i.e., jujubogenin and pseudojujubogenin. The biosynthetic pathway of bacoside is not well elucidated. In the present study, we characterized a UDP-glycosyltransferase, UGT79A18, involved in the glycosylation of pseudojujubogenin. UGT79A18 shows higher expression in response to 5 h of wounding, and 3 h of MeJA treatment. The recombinant UGT79A18 shows in vitro activity against a wide range of flavonoids and triterpenes and has a substrate preference for protopanaxadiol, a dammarane-type triterpene. Secondary metabolite analysis of overexpression and knockdown lines of UGT79A18 in B. monnieri identify bacopasaponin D, bacopaside II, bacopaside N2 and pseudojujubogenin glucosyl rhamnoside as the major bacosides that were differentially accumulated. In the overexpression lines of UGT79A18, we found 1.7-fold enhanced bacopaside II, 8-fold enhanced bacopasaponin D, 3-fold enhanced pseudojujubogenin glucosyl rhamnoside, and 1.6-fold enhanced bacopaside N2 content in comparison with vector control plant, whereas in the knockdown lines of UGT79A18, we found 1.4-fold reduction in bacopaside II content, 3-fold reduction in the bacopasaponin D content, 2-fold reduction in the pseudojujubogenin glucosyl rhamnoside content, and 1.5-fold reduction in bacopaside N2 content in comparison with vector control. These results suggest that UGT79A18 is a significant UDP glycosyltransferase involved in glycosylating pseudojujubogenin and enhancing the pseudojujubogenin-derived bacosides.

Electromyographic Assessment of Masticatory Muscles & their Asymmetries in Adult Indian Population.

Objective: To study the surface electromyography (sEMG) and it is asymmetry under resting and dynamic conditions in masticatory muscles. Materials and Methods: sEMG of the masticatory muscles (bilateral masseter & temporalis) was done in 61 healthy subjects (mean age 28.5 ± 8.8 years) with bilateral functional molar occlusal relationship. Root mean square (RMS) values sEMG for each activity (rest, clenching, maximum mouth opening (MMO), left and right excursion) for a 10 s period were recorded and analyzed. Indices for asymmetry of muscles, relative activity and resultant torque were assessed and analyzed. Results: RMS values of sEMG during clenching were significantly higher for all masticatory muscles in males compared to females (p < 0.05). During excursive mandibular movement a statistically significant difference seen in ipsilateral temporalis muscle in males. sEMG of masticatory muscles during rest as well as functional activities of mandible was asymmetrical. A predominant masseteric activity was observed for all functional activities of mandible except during rest for which temporalis muscle activity was higher. Right sided torque was observed during rest, MMO and right lateral movements while a predominant left sided torque was present during left lateral movement and clenching. Conclusion: sEMG values of masticatory muscles obtained in our study can be used as reference for healthy Indian population. A perfect muscular symmetry might be illusive and a controlled asymmetry criterion appears to be more useful which corresponds to reality.

The Interplay between Heat Shock Proteins and Cancer Pathogenesis: A Novel Strategy for Cancer Therapeutics.

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are developmentally conserved families of protein found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. HSPs are engaged in a diverse range of physiological processes, including molecular chaperone activity to assist the initial protein folding or promote the unfolding and refolding of misfolded intermediates to acquire the normal or native conformation and its translocation and prevent protein aggregation as well as in immunity, apoptosis, and autophagy. These molecular chaperonins are classified into various families according to their molecular size or weight, encompassing small HSPs (e.g., HSP10 and HSP27), HSP40, HSP60, HSP70, HSP90, and the category of large HSPs that include HSP100 and ClpB proteins. The overexpression of HSPs is induced to counteract cell stress at elevated levels in a variety of solid tumors, including anticancer chemotherapy, and is closely related to a worse prognosis and therapeutic resistance to cancer cells. HSPs are also involved in anti-apoptotic properties and are associated with processes of cancer progression and development, such as metastasis, invasion, and cell proliferation. This review outlines the previously mentioned HSPs and their significant involvement in diverse mechanisms of tumor advancement and metastasis, as well as their contribution to identifying potential targets for therapeutic interventions.

Fish cell line: depositories, web resources and future applications.

Cell lines are important bioresources to study the key biological processes in the areas like virology, pathology, immunology, toxicology, biotechnology, endocrinology and developmental biology. Cell lines developed from fish organs are utilized as a model in vitro system in disease surveillance programs, pharmacology, drug screening and resolving cases of metabolic abnormalities. During last decade, there were consistent efforts made globally to develop new fish cell lines from different organs like brain, eye muscles, fin, gill, heart, kidney, liver, skin, spleen, swim bladder, testes, vertebra etc. This increased use and development of cell lines necessitated the establishment of cell line depositories to store/preserve them and assure their availability to the researchers. These depositories are a source of authenticated and characterized cell lines with set protocols for material transfer agreements, maintenance and shipping as well as logistics enabling cellular research. Hence, it is important to cryopreserve and maintain cell lines in depositories and make them available to the research community. The present article reviews the current status of the fish cell lines available in different depositories across the world, along with the prominent role of cell lines in conservation of life on land or below water. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10616-023-00601-2.