Impacts of SARS-CoV-2 on brain renin angiotensin system related signaling and its subsequent complications on brain: A theoretical perspective.

Cellular ACE2 (cACE2), a vital component of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), possesses catalytic activity to maintain AngII and Ang 1-7 balance, which is necessary to prevent harmful effects of AngII/AT2R and promote protective pathways of Ang (1-7)/MasR and Ang (1-7)/AT2R. Hemostasis of the brain-RAS is essential for maintaining normal central nervous system (CNS) function. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a viral disease that causes multi-organ dysfunction. SARS-CoV-2 mainly uses cACE2 to enter the cells and cause its downregulation. This, in turn, prevents the conversion of Ang II to Ang (1-7) and disrupts the normal balance of brain-RAS. Brain-RAS disturbances give rise to one of the pathological pathways in which SARS-CoV-2 suppresses neuroprotective pathways and induces inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species. Finally, these impairments lead to neuroinflammation, neuronal injury, and neurological complications. In conclusion, the influence of RAS on various processes within the brain has significant implications for the neurological manifestations associated with COVID-19. These effects include sensory disturbances, such as olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions, as well as cerebrovascular and brain stem-related disorders, all of which are intertwined with disruptions in the RAS homeostasis of the brain.

Surgical tool entrapment in a young patient with recurrent lumbar spinal stenosis: a case report.

Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) is a prevalent cause of leg and back pain. In the youth, LSS is not common and mainly results from hereditary musculoskeletal disorders. Moreover, spinal fusion is a surgical approach to the treatment of LSS. Entrapment of surgical tools due to breakage is a rare yet important phenomenon in such operations. Therefore, neurological sequelae of these events need to be explored. The case was a 24-year-old male complaining of local back pain. Initially, he was diagnosed with LSS at L4 and L5. After the fusion of the vertebrae by the posterior spinal fusion (PSF) method, the patient's pain was resolved. However, the subject complained of worsening local back pain limiting his ability to do routine tasks. A few years later, radiographical evaluations indicated the possible presence of a surgical tool that could not be removed via surgery. During a third operation, the object was removed, and the patient's symptoms recovered. Immediate removal of entrapped surgical objects is necessary due to risks associated with migration and central nervous system damage. Comparing our results to other similar reports, we conclude that in cases of foreign object entrapment, neurological sequelae may be nonexistent or progressively worsen. Also, sequelae emerge either soon after the operation or emerge later. This complicates the diagnosis of such events and the decision of whether to subject the patient to additional neurosurgical operations to remove the tool. These variations may be observed due to the moving of the entrapped tool. Follow-up of neurological sequelae in spinal surgery patients is recommended.

Advances in artificial intelligence, robotics, augmented and virtual reality in neurosurgery.

Neurosurgical practitioners undergo extensive and prolonged training to acquire diverse technical proficiencies, while neurosurgical procedures necessitate a substantial amount of pre-, post-, and intraoperative clinical data acquisition, making decisions, attention, and convalescence. The past decade witnessed an appreciable escalation in the significance of artificial intelligence (AI) in neurosurgery. AI holds significant potential in neurosurgery as it supplements the abilities of neurosurgeons to offer optimal interventional and non-interventional care to patients by improving prognostic and diagnostic outcomes in clinical therapy and assisting neurosurgeons in making decisions while surgical interventions to enhance patient outcomes. Other technologies including augmented reality, robotics, and virtual reality can assist and promote neurosurgical methods as well. Moreover, they play a significant role in generating, processing, as well as storing experimental and clinical data. Also, the usage of these technologies in neurosurgery is able to curtail the number of costs linked with surgical care and extend high-quality health care to a wider populace. This narrative review aims to integrate the results of articles that elucidate the role of the aforementioned technologies in neurosurgery.

Spinal hydatid cyst initially diagnosed as spinal tumor: A case report and review of the literature.

The spinal hydatid cyst is a benign pathology but has considerable morbidity. It should be considered as a differential diagnosis in patients having signs and symptoms of spinal compression, particularly in endemic areas.

Coronavirus diagnosis using cough sounds: Artificial intelligence approaches.

Introduction: The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused irreparable damage to the world. In order to prevent the spread of pathogenicity, it is necessary to identify infected people for quarantine and treatment. The use of artificial intelligence and data mining approaches can lead to prevention and reduction of treatment costs. The purpose of this study is to create data mining models in order to diagnose people with the disease of COVID-19 through the sound of coughing. Method: In this research, Supervised Learning classification algorithms have been used, which include Support Vector Machine (SVM), random forest, and Artificial Neural Networks, that based on the standard "Fully Connected" neural network, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) recurrent neural networks have been established. The data used in this research was from the online site sorfeh.com/sendcough/en, which has data collected during the spread of COVID-19. Result: With the data we have collected (about 40,000 people) in different networks, we have reached acceptable accuracies. Conclusion: These findings show the reliability of this method for using and developing a tool as a screening and early diagnosis of people with COVID-19. This method can also be used with simple artificial intelligence networks so that acceptable results can be expected. Based on the findings, the average accuracy was 83% and the best model was 95%.

Curcumin effects on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A systematic review.

Introduction: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common disease of the lungs known as the third reason for death worldwide. Frequent COPD exacerbations compel health care workers to apply interventions that are not adverse effect free. Accordingly, adding or replacing Curcumin, a natural meal flavoring, may indicate advantages in this era by its antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory effects. Methods: The PRISMA checklist was employed for the systematic review study. On June 3, 2022, PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for studies associated with COPD and Curcumin in the last 10 years. Duplicate or non-English publications and articles with irrelevant titles and abstracts were excluded. Also, preprints, reviews, short communications, editorials, letters to the editor, comments, conference abstracts, and conference papers were not included. Results: Overall, 4288 publications were found eligible, after the screening, 9 articles were finally included. Among them, one, four, and four in vitro, in vivo, and both in vivo and in vitro research exist respectively. According to the investigations, Curcumin can inhibit alveolar epithelial thickness and proliferation, lessen the inflammatory response, remodel the airway, produce ROS, alleviate airway inflammation, hinder emphysema and prevent ischemic complications. Conclusion: Consequently, the findings of the current review demonstrate that Curcumin's modulatory effects on oxidative stress, cell viability, and gene expression could be helpful in COPD management. However, for data confirmation, further randomized clinical trials are required.

Changes in lifestyle behaviour and dietary patterns among Iranian medical students during COVID-19 lockdown.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has affected many aspects of human life, including physical and mental health. The public health measures to prevent COVID-19 transmission led to social isolation, physical inactivity, anxiety, depression, sleep disorders, obesity, and consumption of unhealthy food. Aims: To evaluate changes in lifestyle behaviour during the fifth wave of COVID-19 in Iranian medical students. Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study. In September 2021, an online questionnaire containing 32 questions was administered to 1143 medical students in Teheran universities. Some 286 completed copies of the questionnaire were excluded because of incomplete answers. Descriptive statistics of central tendency measures and dispersion were used and independent t-test and a Chi-square test between two variables were conducted. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 24. Results: A total of 462 (53.9%) students had COVID-19 during the fifth wave of the disease, 657 (76.7%) were deprived of social and sports activities, and 278 (32.4%) had difficulty completing their academic studies. Students who took vitamin supplements experienced lower levels of stress and 711 (83.0%) reported bodyweight change. There were significant relationships between bodyweight change, stress level and hospitalization due to COVID-19. There was a significant relationship between smoking, bodyweight change and hospitalization rate. A total of 426 (50.3%) students did not have a regular sleep-wake pattern, 701 (81.8%) spent more time using social media, 197 (23.0%) consumed more fast food, and 674 (78.6%) experienced stress or anxiety. Conclusion: There was an increased tendency towards unhealthy lifestyle among medical students in Tehran during COVID-19 lockdown. These findings can be useful in assessing lifestyle behaviours among students and in planning for improvements.

Delta Variant: The New Challenge of COVID-19 Pandemic, an Overview of Epidemiological, Clinical, and Immune Characteristics.

The SARS-CoV-2 genome has undergone several mutations since the beginning of the pandemic in December 2019. A number of these mutants were associated with higher transmissibility, higher mortality, or hospitalization rates, which were named the variants of concern. B.1.617.2 or the Delta variant has made a lot of concern as it has been responsible for the most recent COVID-19 outbreaks throughout the world. Higher transmissibility, a 60 percent increase in hospitalization rates compared to the wild type, higher viral loads, and reduced response to available vaccines are among the key factors why this variant has become a variant of concern. 148 countries are currently fighting with this variant, hoping to better understand the epidemiological, immunological, and clinical characteristics of this disease in order to find the best way to overcome these new outbreaks. Although reduced efficiency of vaccines on this variant and its higher pre-symptomatic transmissibility have made it complicated to control the disease, higher vaccination coverage and following sanitation rules can help control the outbreaks.

Deep brain stimulation for multiple sclerosis tremor: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to evaluate efficacy of deep brain stimulation (DBS) in treating MS-related tremor. METHODS: We systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, Google Scholar, and gray literature using a search strategy including the MeSH and text words as (((Brain Stimulations) OR (Deep Brain Stimulations) OR (Deep Brain Stimulations) OR (Deep Brain Brain Stimulation) OR (Deep Electrical Stimulation of the Brain)) AND (Multiple Sclerosis OR Sclerosis, Multiple) OR Sclerosis, Disseminated) OR Disseminated Sclerosis) OR MS (Multiple Sclerosis)) OR Multiple Sclerosis, Acute Fulminating). RESULTS: The literature search revealed 1663 articles, 1027 of which remained after removing duplicates. Seventeen articles, published between 1999-2018, were included for the meta-analysis, including overall 168 patients. Follow-up time ranged between 6-62 months. The pooled frequency of tremor improvement among the enrolled patients was 73%, (95% CI:64-83%) (I2=84.1%, p<0.001). The pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) (after -before) was -2.9, (95% CI:-4.8, -0.98) (I2=89.8%, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The results of this systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrate MS-related tremor improvement after DBS.

Awareness of Iranian Medical Sciences Students Towards Basic Life Support; a Cross-Sectional study.

INTRODUCTION: Augmentation of the number of trained basic life support (BLS) providers can remarkably reduce the number of cardiac arrest victims. The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of BLS awareness among students of medical sciences in Iran. METHODS: This multicenter cross-sectional study was performed on medical students at the 4 major medical schools in Tehran, the capital of Iran, between Jan 2018 and Feb 2019, using convenience sampling method. The level of medical sciences students' awareness of BLS was measured using an international questionnaire. RESULTS: Finally, 1210 students with the mean age of 21.2 ± 2.3 years completed the survey (79% female). 133 (10.9%) students had CPR experience and none had received any formal training. None of the responders could answer all questions correctly. The mean awareness score of participants was 11.93 ± 2.87 (range: 10.13 -17.25). The awareness score of participants was high in 49 (4.04 %) participants, moderate in 218 (18.01%), and low in 943 (77.93%) of studied cases. CONCLUSION: Based on the findings of this study, more than 70% of the studied medical sciences students obtained a low score on BLS awareness.

Does endometriosis increase susceptibility to COVID-19 infections? A case-control study in women of reproductive age.

BACKGROUND: In today's world, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the most critical health problem and research is continued on studying the associated factors. But it is not clear whether endometriosis increases the risk of COVID-19. METHODS: Women who referred to the gynecology clinic were evaluated and 507 women with endometriosis (case group) were compared with 520 women without endometriosis (control group). COVID-19 infection, symptoms, exposure, hospitalization, isolation, H1N1 infection and vaccination, and past medical history of the participants were recorded and compared between the groups using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows version 21. RESULTS: Comparison between the groups represent COVID-19 infection in 3.2% of the case group and 3% of the control group (P = 0.942). The control group had a higher frequency of asymptomatic infection (95.7% vs. 94.5%; P < 0.001) and fever (1.6% vs. 0%; P = 0.004), while the frequency of rare symptoms was more common in the case group (P < 0.001). The average disease period was 14 days in both groups (P = 0.694). COVID-19 infection was correlated with close contact (r = 0.331; P < 0.001 in the case group and r = 0.244; P < 0.001 in the control group), but not with the history of thyroid disorders, H1N1 vaccination, traveling to high-risk areas, and social isolation (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Endometriosis does not increase the susceptibility to COVID-19 infections, but alters the manifestation of the disease. The prevalence of the disease may depend on the interaction between the virus and the individual's immune system but further studies are required in this regard.

Metabolic risk factors and risk of Covid-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Based on the epidemiologic findings of Covid-19 incidence; illness and mortality seem to be associated with metabolic risk factors. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the association of metabolic risk factors and risk of Covid-19. METHODS: This study was designed according to PRISMA guidelines. Two independent researchers searched for the relevant studies using PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Scopus. The search terms developed focusing on two main roots of "Covid-19" and "metabolic risk factors". All relevant observational, analytical studies, review articles, and a meta-analysis on the adult population were included in this meta-analysis. Meta-analysis was performed using the random effect model for pooling proportions to address heterogeneity among studies. Data were analyzed using STATA package version 11.2, (StataCorp, USA). RESULTS: Through a comprehensive systematic search in the targeted databases we found 1124 papers, after running the proses of refining, 13 studies were included in the present meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of obesity in Covid-19 patients was 29% (95% CI: 14-47%). For Diabetes and Hypertension, these were 22% (95% CI: 12% 33%) and 32% (95% CI: 12% 56%), respectively. There was significant heterogeneity in the estimates of the three pooled prevalence without any significant small-study effects. Such warning points, to some extent, guide physicians and clinicians to better understand the importance of controlling co-morbid risk factors in prioritizing resource allocation and interventions. CONCLUSION: The meta-analysis showed that hypertension is more prevalent than obesity and diabetes in patients with Covid-19 disease. The prevalence of co-morbid metabolic risk factors must be adopted for better management and priority settings of public health vaccination and other required interventions. The results may help to improve services delivery in COVID-19 patients, while helping to develop better policies for prevention and response to COVID-19 and its critical outcomes.

Comparing the Efficacy and Safety of Treating Chronic Hepatitis B Infection during Pregnancy with Lamivudine, Telbivudine, and Tenofovir: A Meta-analysis.

Background and Aims: The perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) remains an important global health problem. Here, a systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to evaluate the evidence regarding the efficacy and maternal/fetal safety of treating pregnant women with lamivudine, telbivudine (LdT), and tenofovir (TDF). Methods: A PubMed and Scopus search resulted in 1,076 records, which were reduced to 36, containing 7,717 pregnant women with chronic HBV infection and 7467 infants meeting the inclusion criteria. The latest search was in August 2019. Results: Treatment with LdT, but not lamivudine and TDF, could significantly reduce the hepatitis B virus surface antigen-positive rate (odds ratio (OR) = 0.37) in infants; it also led to higher rates of hepatitis B e antigen loss (OR = 12.14), hepatitis B e antigen seroconversion (OR = 8.93), and alanine aminotransferase normalization in mothers (OR = 1.49). Each of these treatments was able to significantly reduce HBV DNA positivity at birth (total OR = 0.19) and mother-to-child-transmission of HBV (total OR = 0.15), and to cause higher rates of HBV DNA suppression in mothers (total OR = 25.53). However, nucleos(t)ide analogues might also be involved in creatine kinase elevation (total OR = 7.48). In contrast, no significant association was found between nucleos(t)ide analogue therapy and preterm/premature births, congenital malformation, low birth weight, and abortion or fetal/infant death. The results suggested LdT's high capability of preventing mother-to-child-transmission. However, TDF failed to show significant associations to a reduced risk of mother-to-child-transmission, probably due to the low number of patients included. Conclusions: Although using either lamivudine, LdT, or TDF could lead to more favorable maternal/fetal outcomes, LdT seemed to show more potential in resolving certain infant- and maternal-related outcomes. More studies on the safety profile of such treatments are required.

A comprehensive review of rituximab therapy in rheumatoid arthritis patients.

Rituximab (RTX) is an approved treatment for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients that do not respond adequately to disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. However, different new concerns, such as efficacy, optimum dose, safety issues, prediction of response to RTX, and pregnancy outcomes have attracted a lot of attention. The PubMed database was systematically reviewed for the last published articles, new findings, and controversial issues regarding RTX therapy in RA using "Rheumatoid arthritis" AND "rituximab" keywords, last updated on June 18, 2019. From 1812 initial recorders, 162 studies met the criteria. Regarding the optimum dose, low-dose RTX therapy (2 × 500 mg) seems as effective as standard dose (2 × 1000 mg), safer, and more cost-effective. The most common reported safety challenges included de novo infections, false negative serologic tests of viral infections, reactivation of chronic infections, interfering with vaccination outcome, and development of de novo psoriasis. Other less reported side effects are infusion reactions, nervous system disorders, and gastrointestinal disorders. Lower exposure to other biologics, presence of some serological markers (e.g., anti-RF, anti-CCP, IL-33, ESR), specific variations in FCGR3A, FCGR2A, TGFß1, IL6, IRF5, BAFF genes, and also EBV-positivity could be used to predict response to RTX. Although there is no evidence of the teratogenic effect of RTX, it is recommended that women do not expose themselves to RTX at least 6 months before the conception. Only a reversible reduction of B cell-count in the offspring may be the pregnancy-related outcome. Although RTX is an effective therapeutic option for RA, more studies on optimum doses, prevention of RTX-related side effects, prediction of RTX response, and safety during the pregnancy are required.

Quality of Life Changes in Iranian Patients Undergoing Female-to-Male Transsexual Surgery: A Prospective Study.

BACKGROUND: Gender identity disorder (GID) is associated with various adverse health outcomes as well as psychiatric problems. Quality of life (QOL) in patients after surgery is an important issue, as some cases report dissatisfaction and regret after surgery. The present study compared QOL in female-to-male (FTM) GID patients before and after gender reassignment surgery (GRS) in an Iranian population. In the present study, 42 natal female patients with Gender Disorder diagnosis, who were referred to the Fertility Research Center of Tehran University of Medical Sciences for GRS from December 2014 to December 2015, were prospectively recruited. METHODS: The demographic characteristics, including age, body mass index (BMI), occupational and marital status, educational level, and family support were recorded. Then, participants were asked to complete the Persian version of the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) questionnaire under supervision of the researcher, once at baseline and once 6 months after surgery. RESULTS: The changes in SF-36 scores and association with the demographic variables were then evaluated using SPSS 16 at significance level of 0.05. Mean age of patients was 34.17 ± 5.58 years with a mean BMI of 43.14 ± 6.91 kg/m2 . Most were single (54.8%), had primary school education (50.5%), and acceptable family support (59.5%). Total mean score of QOL significantly improved from 26.43±6.81 to 37.52 ± 8.67 (P < 0.001), 6 months after surgery and also in all domains (P < 0.001), although the increase in emotional problem was not statistically significant (P = 0.05). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, as the results of the present study highlight, FTM GD patients have a low QOL before surgery that is significantly improved after surgery.

Rhabdomyolysis and Acute Poisoning; a Brief Report.

INTRODUCTION: Some studies have reported creatinine phosphokinase (CPK) as a new emerging way in predicting the outcomes of poisoned patients. This study aimed to evaluate the association of serum CPK level in the first 24 hours with outcomes of poisoned patients. METHODS: This retrospective cross-sectional study was performed using the medical profiles of poisoned patients aged between 13 and 70 years old who were referred to the emergency department of a big referral medical toxicology center during 6 years and whose necessary data for this study was available. RESULTS: 318 patients with the mean age of 34.9±14.5 years were studied (77.1% male). The mean serum CPK level of patients was 4693.1 ± 10303.8 (35-89480) IU/L. There was no significant correlation between serum CPK level and cause of poisoning (r= 0.16; p=0.51), age (r = -0.021; p = 0.651), sex (r = 0.131; p = 0.281), seizure (r = -0.022; p = 0.193), level of consciences (r = -0.138; p = 0.167), and duration of hospital stay (r= 0.242, p = 0.437). The mean serum CPK level was significantly higher in ICU admitted (p<0.0001), AKI (p<0.0001), hyperkalemia (p<0.0001), hypophosphatemia (p=0.045), and hypocalcaemia (p=0.008) cases. The best cut off point of serum CPK level in predicting acute kidney injury (AKI) was estimated to be 10000 IU/L (sensitivity = 83.8% and specificity = 68.8%). CONCLUSION: It seems that CPK could be considered as a candidate tool for screening the intoxicated patients in need for ICU admission and at risk for AKI.

Sleep Quality and its Main Determinants Among Staff in a Persian Private Hospital.

BACKGROUND: Having good quality of sleep is essential to good health. Sleep disorders could incur intangible expenses. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the Persian version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI-P) questionnaire administered to 3 categories of workers (clinical personnel, clerical staff, and logistics workers) in a private hospital located in Tehran, Iran. METHODS: In 2017, all Pars hospital personnel were invited to participate in the study. The PSQI-P questionnaire was distributed among Pars hospital staff, who consented to take part in the study. RESULTS: The total personnel in this private hospital was 1151 and 552 of them submitted their answers. According to the statistical analysis performed using SPSS version 19, there was no correlation between sleep quality and gender, marital status, age, job, shift work, or university degree (P value: 0.94, 0.42, 0.59, 0.67, 0.12, 0.23, respectively). However, participants with a lower body mass index (BMI) experienced better overnight sleep quality than overweight and obese participants (P value: 0.025 and 0.032, respectively). In addition, the prevalence of poor sleep quality was higher in those living in the suburbs compared to urban residents (P value: 0.02). CONCLUSION: The study obtained a significant difference in sleep quality based on the participants' BMI and place of residence. Despite the fact that the P value of the job was not significant, it appeared that sleep disorders are common among clinical personnel. Quality of life may be improved by modification of the factors responsible for poor sleep quality.

Toward cure chronic hepatitis B infection and hepatocellular carcinoma prevention: Lessons learned from nucleos(t)ide analogues therapy.

Nucleos(t)ide analogues (NAs) could successfully suppress hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). However, due to probable development of drug resistance or low/delayed response, these treatments may not be satisfactory. In addition to the HBV DNA polymerase inhibiting activity, these drugs could lead to changes in cytokines profiles. It is important to monitor these changes so that they could be used as target of treatment. Evaluating the previously reported immune responses due to NAs treatments, it was concluded that interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-4 (IL-4), and IL-12 increase after the treatment. This will be followed by the improved capacity of immune cells for eliminating HBV. In contrast, regulatory responses including IL-10 and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-ß) significantly decreased as the result of NAs therapy. Unexpectedly, T helper (Th) 17-associated cytokines also decreased significantly. These results could be used to employ the new strategies to suppress viral replication, minimize HBV DNA levels, inducing hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) seroconversion or even hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) seroclearance. In order to accomplish these goals, extended treatment with high dose of both IL-12 and IFN in combination with high barrier to resistance NA might significantly improve the HBsAg seroclearance rate. Considering the danger of emerging aberrant immune responses, determining the optimum dosage as well as close monitoring of patients during the treatment is strongly advised. In order to make HBV immunotherapy practical, further studies are needed to confirm these results.