RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Although the physiological conditions of vulvar skin in Caucasian populations have been characterized, little is known about these conditions in Japanese women. METHODS: Skin of the labia, groin, mons pubis, and inner thigh was examined in 40 healthy Japanese women outwith their menstrual period. Skin moisture, skin pH, ceramide content and inflammatory cytokine proteins of the stratum corneum, and bacterial flora were assessed. RESULTS: Skin moisture was found to be significantly lower in the labia than at the other three sites examined. No differences were found in skin pH. A significant difference in ceramide content was observed between the groin and inner thigh. The ratio of interleukin-1α (IL-1α) and interleukin-1α receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) was significantly higher in the labia than in the other sites. Numbers of total bacteria, Staphylococcus epidermis, and Lactobacillus spp. were greater in the labia and mons pubis sites compared with the inner thigh. Prevotella spp. were found only in the labia. CONCLUSIONS: In Japanese women, the skin at the labia is drier and more inflammatory than the skin at the groin, mons pubis, and inner thigh; this cannot be explained by the ceramide content and/or pH of the stratum corneum. Prevotella spp. may perform a key role in the vulvar skin of Japanese women.
Assuntos
Povo Asiático , Epiderme/microbiologia , Epiderme/fisiologia , Vulva/microbiologia , Vulva/fisiologia , Adulto , Água Corporal/metabolismo , Ceramidas/metabolismo , Citocinas/metabolismo , DNA Bacteriano/análise , Células Epidérmicas , Feminino , Virilha , Humanos , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Lactobacillus/genética , Lactobacillus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Prevotella/genética , Prevotella/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Propionibacterium acnes/genética , Propionibacterium acnes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Valores de Referência , Staphylococcus aureus/genética , Staphylococcus aureus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Staphylococcus epidermidis/genética , Staphylococcus epidermidis/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Coxa da Perna , Vulva/citologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
To characterize foot odor, we analyzed its components by sensory tests, isolated microorganisms that produce it, and evaluated the mechanism of the occurrence of foot odor. As a result, foot odor was found to be derived from isovaleric acid, which is produced when Staphylococcus epidermidis, a resident species of the normal cutaneous microbial flora, degrades leucine present in sweat. In addition, Bacillus subtilis was detected in the plantar skin of subjects with strong foot odor, and this species was shown to be closely associated with increased foot odor. Therefore, we screened various naturally occurring substances and fragrant agents that inhibit microbial production of foot odor without disturbing the normal microbial flora of the human skin. As a result, we identified citral, citronellal, and geraniol as fragrant agents that inhibit the generation of isovaleric acid at low concentrations.
