Separation of the diastereomers of phosphorothioated siRNAs by anion-exchange chromatography under non-denaturing conditions.

In recent years, several small interfering RNA (siRNA) therapeutics have been approved, and most of them are phosphorothioate (PS)-modified for improving nuclease resistance. This chemical modification induces chirality in the phosphorus atom, leading to the formation of diastereomers. Recent studies have revealed that Sp and Rp configurations of PS modifications of siRNAs have different biological properties, such as nuclease resistance and RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) loading. These results highlight the importance of determining diastereomeric distribution in quality control. Although various analytical approaches have been used to separate diastereomers (mainly single-stranded oligonucleotides), it becomes more difficult to separate all of them as the number of PS modifications increases. Despite siRNA exhibits efficacy in the double-stranded form, few reports have examined the separation of diastereomers in the double-stranded form. In this study, we investigated the applicability of non-denaturing anion-exchange chromatography (AEX) for the separation of PS-modified siRNA diastereomers. Separation of the four isomers of the two PS bonds tended to improve in the double-stranded form compared to the single-stranded form. In addition, the effects of the analytical conditions and PS-modified position on the separation were evaluated. Moreover, the elution order of the Sp and Rp configurations was confirmed, and the steric difference between them, i.e., the direction of the anionic sulfur atom, appeared to be important for the separation mechanism in non-denaturing AEX. Consequently, all 16 peak tops of the four PS modifications were detected in one sequence, and approximately 30 peak tops were detected out of 64 isomers of six PS bonds, indicating that non-denaturing AEX is a useful technique for the quality control of PS-modified siRNA therapeutics.

An improved synthesis of 2'-O,4'-C-ethylene nucleic acid (ENA) and thermodynamic studies of duplex formation containing the guanosine ENA unit.

Oligonucleotides containing 2'-O,4'-C-ethylene nucleic acids (ENA) have been proven highly effective for antisense therapeutics. 2'-O,4'-C-Ethyleneguanosine and its phosphoramidite were previously obtained from 3,5-di-O-benzy1-4-C-(p-tolulenesulfonyloxyethyl)-1,2-di-O-acetyl-α-D-erythropentofuranose by glycosylation, but with limited efficiency. Using 3,5-di-O-benzy1-4-C-(2-t-butyldiphenylsilyloxyethyl)-1,2-di-O-acetyl-α-D-erythropentofuranose as an alternative substrate, we developed several methods to obtain 2'-O,4'-C-ethyleneguanosine derivatives with much higher yields than previously reported. These methods were also applicable for the synthesis of 2'-O,4'-C-ethyleneadenosine and 2'-O,4'-C-ethylene-5-methyluridine derivatives. Moreover, we investigated the thermodynamic benefit of DNA strands containing 2'-O,4'-C-ethyleneguanosines during duplex formation with complementary RNA. Only a single modification by the nucleoside resulted in a 10-fold greater binding constant of the DNA/RNA duplex.