Update on cardiac imaging: A critical analysis.

Imaging is instrumental in diagnosing and directing the management of atherosclerosis. In 1958 the first diagnostic coronary angiography (CA) was performed, and since then further development has led to new methods such as coronary CT angiography (CTA), optical coherence tomography (OCT), positron tomography (PET), and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). Currently, CA remains powerful for visualizing coronary arteries; however, recent studies show the benefits of using other non-invasive techniques. This review identifies optimum imaging techniques for diagnosing and monitoring plaque stability. This becomes even direr now, given the rapidly rising incidence of atherosclerosis in society today. Many acute coronary events, including acute myocardial infarctions and sudden deaths, are attributable to plaque rupture. Although fatal, these events can be preventable. We discuss the factors affecting plaque integrity, such as increased inflammation, medications like statins, and increased lipid content. Some of these precipitating factors are identifiable through imaging. However, we also highlight significant complications arising in some modalities; in CA this can include ventricular arrhythmia and even death. Extending this, we elucidated from the literature that risk can also vary based on the location of arteries and their plaques. Promisingly, there are less invasive methods being trialled for assessing plaque stability, such as Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging (CMR), which is already in use for other cardiac diseases like cardiomyopathies. Therefore, future research focusing on using imaging modalities in conjunction may be sensible, to bridge between the effectiveness of modalities, at the expense of increased complications, and vice versa.

Caprine arthritis and encephalitis virus infection in goats of Bangladesh: Serological detection and its associated risk factors.

Background and Aim: Caprine arthritis and encephalitis (CAE) is a multisystemic persistent viral disease of goat that causes significant economic losses to the farmers and livestock sector. However, no information in this country is available regarding CAE virus (CAEV) infection. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the seroprevalence of CAEV infection among the goat population in the selected goat-prone districts in Bangladesh and to identify the associated risk factors of the disease. Materials and Methods: From July 2021 to June 2022, 446 goat serum samples were randomly collected from the study area. Goat owners were interviewed using a pretested questionnaire to determine the risk factors. A commercial indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit was used to screen blood serum for CAEV antibodies. Logistic regression models were used to analyze risk factors and serological data to identify the potential risk factors. Results: Out of 446 serum samples, 19 samples were seropositive against CAEV. The overall seroprevalence was 4.26% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.58-6.57). The multivariable logistic regression model identified sex (Female; odds ratio [OR]: 3.98; 95% CI: 1.13-13.95), animal age (12-48 months; OR: 4.93, 95% CI: 0.63-38.13), and biosecurity status (Poor biosecurity; OR: 1.66, 95% CI: 0.46-5.92) as potential risk factors for CAEV seropositivity. Conclusion: This study revealed the serological detection of CAEV in Bangladeshi goats where seroprevalence is found to be relatively low. To eradicate the disease, screening and culling of infected goats from the herd might be implemented.

Prevalence and identification of caprine pasteurellosis in pneumonic goats in Bangladesh.

Objective: This research aimed to assess the prevalence of caprine pasteurellosis, isolate and identify pasteurellosis (Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida) in pneumonic goats, and discover the main bacterial cause of pneumonia. Materials and Methods: One hundred and five samples (94 nasal swabs and 11 lung tissues) from goats suspected of having pneumonia were taken and transferred aseptically to the laboratory. Following the processing of the collected samples, Pasteurella spp. was isolated with the aid of plate culture methods. Biochemical characteristics were used to identify all bacterial isolates, which were then verified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was also carried out to evaluate the sensitivity profiles of various antibiotics. The Pasteurella haemolytica serotype-specific antigen (PHSSA) gene was used to identify isolates of M. haemolytica, and the KMT1 gene was used to identify isolates of P. multocida. Results: From the 105 clinically suspicious samples, 51 (48.57%) were identified to be Pasteurella spp. through bacteriological testing and also by PCR targeting the 16S rRNA gene. Of these, 47.87% (45/94) were nasal swabs, and 54.55% (6/11) were lung tissues. Among confirmed samples, 70.59% (36/51) were identified as M. haemolytica, and 29.41% (15/51) were identified as P. multocida. Resistance to tetracycline, streptomycin, oxytetracycline, gentamicin, and ceftriaxone was found in 50%-83% of the isolates. In addition, PCR identified the PHSSA and KMT1 genes from isolates of P. multocida and M. haemolytica, respectively. Conclusion: The present study revealed that M. haemolytica and P. multocida primarily caused pasteurellosis in pneumonic goats in Bangladesh. However, when treating these animals, the proper choice of antimicrobials should be made to control this disease.

Morphometric features and performances of Black Bengal goat in Bangladesh.

Black Bengal goat (BBG) is the most adaptable, widely distributed, and prominent goat breed in Bangladesh, well known in the world for its high prolificacy, low demand of feed, tolerance to harsh weather conditions, and disease resistance with remarkably good quality red meat and skin. A large number of indiscriminate research reports on BBG have been published; however, the review on the productive and reproductive performances with different physiological features of BBG in Bangladesh is scarce. This review was conducted to investigate and summarize the available research reports on BBGs to highlight the gaps and provide coherent recommendations for the future research plan for sustainable BBG production in Bangladesh. It covers research works in morphometric features, feeding and nutrition, reproduction, diseases and health management, husbandry practices, and production performances of BBG under local conditions. Due to the contemporary increased demand for animal protein (meat and milk), the scope of small ruminants, especially goat farming, increases with other large ruminants farming. The key constraints of BBG production in Bangladesh include higher disease prevalence with low or no management practices, kid mortality, inadequate feeds and fodder supply, and poor marketing channel with some other stumpy genetic potentialities (slower body weight gain, low milk production) of this goat. Future research would be required to assess the contribution of BBG to household economies and food securities throughout the year and evaluate the constraints, adaptation and extension of artificial insemination (AI), and genetic improvement of economically important traits using molecular techniques and the selective breeding program.

Environmental adaptability, morphometric features with reproductive and productive potentialities of indigenous sheep in Bangladesh.

Indigenous sheep are highly adaptable and widely distributed in different regions of Bangladesh. They are famous for their tolerance to harsh environmental conditions, low demand for feed, and disease resistance with minimum or no housing and management facilities. Ample indiscriminate research reports and case studies on the native sheep of Bangladesh have been published. Nonetheless, a comprehensive review of reproductive and productive performances, as well as their various morphometric physiognomies and climate resilience capabilities, is lacking. This review was designed to explore and summarize the available research reports on indigenous sheep to highlight the gaps and provide an updated database for the future research plan for sustainable native sheep production in Bangladesh. It covers studies on sheep biodiversity, their adaptability to the local environment, morphometric features, feeding and nutrition, reproduction and production performances, diseases and health management, and the problems and prospects of sheep farming in Bangladesh. Due to the increased demand for animal protein, especially red meat, the scope of sheep farming increases along with that of other large and small ruminants. The vital constraints of sheep production in Bangladesh include insufficient feed and fodder supply with its high prices, higher disease occurrence with low or no management practices, kid mortality, and a poor marketing channel with the lower popularity of sheep meat than goat meat. Future research would be a prerequisite to measuring the impact of native sheep on household economies and food security during the year, evaluating the other challenges, and finding out the possible interventions in the fields of nutrition, reproduction, and health management.

Seroprevalence of Brucellosis in goats in some selected areas of Bangladesh.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore the seroprevalence of Brucella spp. in goats in some selected areas of Bangladesh. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was conducted in different goat-populated regions of Bangladesh from July 2017 to June 2018. A total of 208 serum samples were randomly collected from goats in Jashore (n = 50), Jhenidah (n = 22), Tangail (n = 40), Savar (n = 46), Thakurgaon (n = 18), and Bandarban (n = 32) areas. The samples were subjected to determine the presence of antibodies against Brucella spp. by rose bengal plate test (RBPT) and competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA). RESULTS: Overall, the seroprevalence of Brucellosis in goats was 4.33% (n = 9/208) by RBPT and 2.40% (n = 5/208) by c-ELISA. The seroprevalence of brucellosis on the basis of RBPT was 6% (buck: 0%, doe: 6%) in Jashore, 4.5% (buck: 0%, doe: 4.5%) in Jhenidah, 2.5% (buck: 0%, doe: 2.5%) in Tangail, 4.35% (buck: 0%, doe: 4.35%) in Savar, 6.25% (buck: 0%, doe: 6.25%) in Bandarban, and 5.56% (buck: 0%, doe: 5.56%) in Thakurgaon. On the other hand, the seroprevalence of brucellosis by c-ELISA was 4% (buck: 0%, doe: 4%) in Jashore, 4.5% (buck: 0%, doe: 4.5%) in Jhenidah, 3.13% (buck: 0%, doe: 3.13%) in Bandarban, and 5.56% (buck: 0%, doe: 5.56%) in Thakurgaon. Brucellosis was more prevalent (p > 0.001) in does aging 3-4 years. CONCLUSION: Goats from different areas of Bangladesh are caring antibodies against Brucella organisms. Further bacteriological investigations are necessary.