[Spastic torticollis (clinical picture, etiology, pathogenesis)]. / Spasticheskaia krivosheia (klinika, étiologiia, patogenez).

On the basis of observation of 51 patients with spastic torticollis (ST) the authors describe in detail the clinical picture of the disease, with the dystonic-hyperkinetic syndrome being its principal feature. ST is always caused by involvement of the extrapyramidal system, more frequently of its formations located in the upper portions of the brain stem. In the overwhelming majority of cases the underlying cause of ST is neuro-infection, predominantly epidemic encephalitis. In some cases ST etiology is insufficiently clear: a number of suggestions concerning its origin has been advanced. On the basis of their own and literature data the authors describe the pathogenesis of ST and of its main symptoms.

[Clinical forms of Schilder's diffuse periaxial encephalitis and problems in its diagnosis]. / Klinicheskie formy diffuznogo periaksial'nogo éntsefalita Shil'dera i voprosy ego diagnostiki.

The clinical picture of different forms of diffuse periaxial encephalitis (DPE)--encephalic, pseudotumorous and psychic--is described. The authors present criteria of the diagnosis of each of these forms and their differentiation from other clinically similar diseases (viral encephalitides, brain tumours and psychoses). They also outline the signs distinguishing DPE from multiple sclerosis and to a certain degree from leukodystrophies.

[Clinical picture and pathologic anatomy of diffuse periaxial encephalitis]. / O klinike i patologicheskoi anatomii diffuznogo periaksial'nogo éntsefalita.

The data obtained by the authors refute the generally accepted opinion to the effect that Schilder's encephalitis is a very rare disease predominantly affecting children. Clinical and neurohistological examinations of 16 patients have made it possible to establish that demyelinization foci may affect all portions of the brain, being found, however, more commonly in the frontal and occipital lobes, basal ganglia and brain stem. The spinal cord is also frequently involved. The clinical picture of the disease is polymorphic and reflects multiple lesions of the associative and projectional conductive pathways. The most consistent findings include mental disturbances and symptoms of pyramidal tract affection. The development and course of the disease are variable. In some cases long-term relapses may develop.

[Polyneuritis in periarteritis nodosa]. / Polinevrity pri uzelkovom periarteriite.

The authors observed 16 patients suffering from nodular periarteritis with the polyneuritis syndrome. The development and clinical characteristics of polyneuritis due to nodular periarteritis were studied, its course and outcome were also recorded. Some data helpful for recognizing the etiology of polyneuritis are presented. It is demonstrated that when multiple modality treatment (with corticosteroids as a component) is initiated at the early stages of disease, some patients exhibit prolonged remission of nodular periarteritis, including notable regression of polyneuritis manifestations.

[Bell's palsy (prevention and treatment)]. / Paralich Bella (voprosy lecheniia i profilaktiki).

The effectiveness of a variety of the most popular methods used for treatment Bell's paralysis is analyzed on a great number (1168 patients) of cases. It has been found that the results of the treatment are predetermined primarily by the gravity of the facial nerve affection. No convincing dependence of the treatment effect on the disease etiology was noted, except cases of Bell's paralysis of vascular etiology, the outcome of which was worse. A less favourable outcome was also observed in patients over 60 years of age and in cases of paralysis relapses. Of the methods of treating Bell's paralysis tested by the authors it was early use of perineural injections of hydrocortisone and novocaine in combination with the traditional methods (etiotropic, resorptive, and restorative means, electrotherapy, exercises) that proved to be the most efficacious. On the basis of the follow-up study of 676 patients recommendations on the treatment of residual phenomena of Bell's paralysis and on preventing the latter's relapses are given.

[Similar and different features of recurrent homo- and contralateral facial neuritis]. / Cherty skhodstva i razlichiia povtornykh gono- i kontralateral'nykh nevritov litsevogo nerva.

Repeated facial neuritis can be due to diverse etiological factors, such as body cooling, infections, and vascular disorders. In a number of cases these etiological factors cannot be identified. The basis of the pathogenesis of the repeated facial neuritis consists in changed immunobiological reactivity of the body and an anatomic predisposition. On a large number of observations the clinical course and the outcome of repeated homo- and contralateral facial neuritis are described, and for the first time the resemblances and differences between them are characterized. It has been found that in cases of repeated homolateral neuritis the prognosis is worse than in cases of contralateral ones.

[Bell's palsy (etiology, pathogenesis, clinical picture, course, outcome)]. / Paralich Bella (étiologiia, patogenez, klinika, techenie, iskhod).

The authors studied 908 patients with Bell's paralysis. In 373 cases the etiology was cooling, in 52--vascular diseases, in 207 cases the etiology was not established. An analysis of the clinical picture development permits to assume that different modern theories of the pathogenesis of Bell's paralysis (the theory of primary ischemia, secondary ischemia a combination of primary and secondary ischemia) do not exclude each other, finding a different application depending upon the etiology of the paralysis. The report contains a detailed description of the clinical picture and development of Bell's paralysis. It is established, that the facial nerve in Bell's paralysis is usually affected in the inferior part of the Fallopian tube. A follow-up study of 536 patients demonstrated that in 174 cases (32.4%) (those who were discharged from the hospital with an incomplete therapeutical effect) a contracture of the mimical muscles was formed. In 70 of them the symptom of "crocodile tears" was found. In 73 patients there were homolateral relapses of Bell's paralysis.

[Differential diagnostic signs of single and multiple metastases of cancer to the brain]. / Differentsial'no-diagnosticheskie priznaki odinochnykh i mnozhestvennykh metastazov raka v golovnoi mozg

In 138 patients 81 had multiple cancer metastasis into the brain and 57 -- singular. The main significance for the differentiation of singular or multiple cancer metastasis of the brain are clinical signs. Singular metastasis attaining a significant size may be expressed in monofocal symptomatology. In a small number (2 or 3) of metastasis there is usually a well expressed multifocal neurological symptomatology, inasmuch as they also attain a rather large size and are frequently located in both hemispheres or supra- and subtentorially. In a large amount of metastases, although they are small, they involve different parts of the hemispheres and consequently mental changes become more expressed. Hypertensive and focal symptoms are slightly expressed or may be absent altogether. For purposes of differentiating singular or multiple foci of special importance may be contrast methods of investigation (carotid angigoraphy) and EEG.