Erratum: Effect of progesterone on nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine monophosphate signaling and contraction in gastric smooth muscle cells.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3892/br.2018.1161.].

The Incidence of Perioperative Stroke: Estimate Using State and National Databases and Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Perioperative stroke remains a devastating complication after surgical procedures, due to hemodynamic and inflammatory changes that increase the risk of strokes within 30 days following surgery. We aimed to assess the incidence of perioperative strokes in patients undergoing various surgical procedures and reach a national estimate. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted using California State Inpatient Databases, State Emergency Department Databases, State Ambulatory Surgery and Services Databases, and the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) during the period 2008 to 2011 from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. A systematic review was conducted using PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases to obtain published articles that reported the incidence of perioperative stroke in various surgical procedures. RESULTS: Analysis of 3,694,410 surgical encounters from the state of California (mean±standard deviation age: 52.4±21.1 years) yielded an overall rate of perioperative stroke of 0.32% (n=11,759). The incidence of perioperative strokes was highest following neurological (1.25%), vascular (1.07%), and cardiac (0.98%) surgeries. The NIS database contained a total of 48,672,974 weighted hospitalizations and yielded a rate of perioperative stroke of 0.42% (n=204,549). The systematic review completed yielded 187 articles, which had an overall sample size of 184,922 and an incidence of perioperative stroke ranging from 0% to 13.86%. It is estimated that in any given year, there would be approximately 40,000 to 55,000 (0.33% to 0.46%) perioperative strokes nationally. CONCLUSION: s Our findings support further strategies to identify and stratify patients undergoing surgical procedures with a high incidence of perioperative strokes to improve patient counseling and a future potential treatment plan.

Effect of progesterone on nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine monophosphate signaling and contraction in gastric smooth muscle cells.

Previous studies have shown that progesterone could inhibit muscle contraction in various sites of the gastrointestinal tract. The underlying mechanisms responsible for these inhibitory effects of progesterone are not fully known. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of progesterone on the nitric oxide (NO)/cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) pathway and muscle contraction in the stomach. Single gastric smooth muscle cells from female Sprague-Dawley rats were used. The expression of progesterone receptor (PR) mRNA was analyzed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. NO and cGMP levels were measured via specific ELISAs. Acetylcholine (ACh)-induced contraction of single gastric muscle cells preincubated with progesterone was measured via scanning micrometry in the presence or absence of the NO synthase inhibitor, Nω-Nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA), or guanylyl cyclase inhibitor, 1H-[1,2,4]Oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ), and expressed as percent shortening from resting cell length. PR expression was detected in the stomach muscle cells. Progesterone inhibited ACh-induced gastric muscle cell contraction. Furthermore, progesterone increased NO and cGMP levels in single gastric muscle cells. Most notably, pre-incubation of muscle cells with either L-NNA or ODQ abolished the inhibitory action of progesterone on muscle contraction. These present observations suggest that progesterone promotes muscle cell relaxation in the stomach potentially via the NO/cGMP pathway.

Rate of teenage pregnancy in Jordan and its impact on maternal and neonatal outcomes.

Objective Research regarding the adverse outcomes of adolescent childbearing has suffered from many limitations such as a small sample size and non-representative samples. This study was conducted to determine the rate of teenage pregnancy among Jordanian adolescents and its associated adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. Methods The study is a part of a comprehensive national study of perinatal mortality that was conducted between 2011 and 2012 in Jordan. All women who gave birth after 20 weeks of gestation in 18 maternity hospitals in Jordan between 2011 and 2012 were invited to participate in the study. Consenting women were interviewed by the trained midwives in these hospitals using a structured questionnaire prepared for the purpose of this study. Additional information was also collected based on the physical examination by the midwife and the obstetrician at admission and at discharge. Data on the newborn were also collected by the pediatric nurses and the neonatologists in these hospitals. Results The overall rate of teenage pregnancy [95% confidence interval (CI) was 6.2% (5.9%, 6.5%)]. Of the studied maternal and neonatal outcomes, women aged <20 years were more likely to deliver prematurely compared to women aged 20-35 years [odds ratio (OR)=1.5, 95% CI: 1.2, 1.9; p < 0.005)]. However, the two groups of women did not differ significantly in low birth weight delivery (OR = 1.2, 95% CI: 0.9, 1.5; p = 0.167) and neonatal mortality (OR = 1.2, 95% CI: 0.8, 1.3; p = 0.491) in the multivariate analysis. Conclusion Teenage pregnancy was associated with increased risk of premature delivery, apart from the effects of socioeconomic factors.