Renal pseudoaneurysm: a rare and potentially fatal complication following ureteroscopy and laser fragmentation of stones.

Ureteroscopy and laser fragmentation of stones is a commonly used method to treat ureteric and renal calculi. We report the exceedingly rare finding of a renal pseudoaneurysm in an interpolar renal artery following ureteroscopy and laser stone fragmentation, which was successfully managed with angioembolisation.

An elevated PSA, which normalizes, does not exclude the presence of prostate cancer.

The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of prostate cancer in patients who have an elevated referral prostate-specific antigen (PSA), which subsequently falls to within their normal age-specific reference range prior to prostate biopsy. The study demonstrated that of the 160 patients recruited, 21 (13%) had a repeat PSA level which had fallen back to within their normal range. Five of these 21 patients (24%) were diagnosed with prostate cancer following biopsy, two of whom had a benign prostate examination. The study, therefore, demonstrates that normalisation of the PSA level prior to biopsy does not exclude the presence of prostate cancer even when the prostate feels benign.

Women's lower urinary tract function and dysfunction: definitions and epidemiology.

This review focuses on females' lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD). It summarises the definitions agreed by the International Continence Society (ICS), investigates the reasons behind the disparity between previous publications related to LUTD and tries to pool their results into subgroups. As urinary incontinence is the main LUTD in women, its prevalence, incidence and risk factors has been studied intensively. However, the review also looks at other LUTD including voiding dysfunction and nocturia.