Complicated Neurotuberculosis with sinus venous thrombosis: A case-report.

INTRODUCTION: Neurotuberculosis comprises around 6% of systemic tuberculosis. It targets a younger population, and it often leads to severe neurological complications or death. CASE REPORT: We report a young gentleman with a clinically defined tuberculous meningitis (TBM) and multiple neurological complication associated with TBM occurring simultaneously. This includes hydrocephalus requiring a ventriculoperitoneal shunt, vasculitic infarcts, cranial nerve palsies, TB granuloma and cerebral venous thrombosis. The cerebrospinal fluid polymerase chain reaction for tuberculosis as well as cultures remained negative repeatedly. The patient was treated with anti-tuberculous medication in addition to steroids based on validated scoring systems suggestive of TBM and made a good recovery. CONCLUSION: This report highlights the different complication seen with TBM and the importance of using clinical criteria to guide management plan particularly when cultures are negative.

Elvitegravir/Cobicistat/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Alafenamide in the Treatment of HIV-Infected Patients: Experience with the First 100 Patients from Qatar.

BACKGROUND: To describe our experience with the use of Elvitegravir/Cobicistat/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Alafenamide (EVG/COBI/FTC/TAF) in the treatment of HIV-infected patients in Qatar including both naïve and treatment experienced. We also report the reasons for switching to EVG/COBI/FTC/TAF in treatment-experienced patients, response to treatment, and tolerability. METHOD: Review of the medical records of the first 100 HIV-infected patients treated with EVG/COBI/FTC/TAF. RESULTS: Among the 100 HIV-infected patients who were treated with EVG/COBI/FTC/TAF, 64 were Qatari and the rest were from other nationalities. 80 patients were males and 20 were females. 29 were treatment naïve, and 71 were treatment experienced. Among treatment-experienced patients, the most common reasons for switch to EVG/COBI/FTC/TAF were safety concerns, followed by regimen simplification and adverse drug reaction of the previous regimen (40%, 14%, and 13%, respectively). Treatment response to EVG/COBI/FTC/TAF leading to undetectable viral load in naïve patients was 69%, and in treatment-experienced patients, it was 83% with an overall response among all patients of 79%. Excluding those who left the country and whose data were not available, the response rate will be 86%. Tolerability was excellent with mild side effects and no discontinuation due to side effects. CONCLUSION: Experience with the use of EVG/COBI/FTC/TAF in 100 patients with HIV infection in Qatar was favourable both in treatment naïve patients and in those who were treatment experienced with an excellent tolerability.

Adult tuberculous meningitis in Qatar: a descriptive retrospective study from its referral center.

BACKGROUND: Tuberculous meningitis is the severest and commonest form of central nervous system tuberculosis causing high mortality and morbidity. We aim to study the clinical, biochemical, and radiological characteristics of tuberculous meningitis in adult patients in Qatar and to calculate the incidence. METHODS: A descriptive retrospective 7-year study was conducted at the Hamad General Hospital (the only tertiary referral center and sole health care provider for tuberculosis in Qatar) between the 1st of January 2006 and the 31st of December 2012, to describe the clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, outcome, and the incidence of adult tuberculous meningitis in Qatar. RESULTS: Tuberculous meningitis was diagnosed in 80 patients (65 male, 15 female), with a mean age of 30.3 ± 8.9. The majority of patients (76.3%) were from the Indian subcontinent. The commonest clinical features were fever (79%), headache (71%), and meningism (56%). Cerebrospinal fluid tuberculosis culture was positive in 44% of patients. Almost 39% of patients were in Stage I, 46% in Stage II and 15% in Stage III of the disease. The commonest neuroimaging features were leptomeningeal enhancement (34%) and hydrocephalus (33%). Cranial nerve palsy, limb weakness, and an elevated C-reactive protein were associated with a poorer outcome. Sixty eight percent had complete recovery, 10% had residual neurological sequelae without disability, 17% had disability, and 5% died. The average incidence of tuberculous meningitis over 7 years was 0.9 per 100,000 adult population. CONCLUSION: The characteristics of tuberculous meningitis were described in our population. Our data indicate that the incidence of tuberculosis meningitis in Qatar has increased. Tuberculous meningitis in Qatar is mainly an imported disease.

Endobronchial Tuberculosis Simulating Lung Cancer and Healing without Bronchial Stenosis.

Endobroncheal tuberculosis is defined as tuberculous infection of the tracheobronchial tree with microbial and histopathological evidence. The disease is usually mistaken for other lung diseases including lung cancer. Bronchial stenosis is a common complication of this type of tuberculosis despite the use of effective anti-tuberculous chemotherapy. We are presenting a case of endobronchial tuberculosis that simulated lung cancer and healed without residual bronchial stenosis.

Tuberculoma of the cavernous sinus.

A case of tuberculoma of the cavernous sinus is described and 4 other previously reported cases are reviewed. The condition is very rare, and predominantly affects Asians. Periorbital pain, ptosis and ophthalmoplegia are the most common presenting features. Clinical and radiological findings are not sufficiently sensitive to differentiate it from other diseases affecting the cavernous sinus. Treatment is primarily medical, with antituberculous drugs, and the outcome is good. Surgery has a limited role in the management of this condition, mainly for establishing the diagnosis.