Occipital artery biopsy: Surgical technique.

Giant cell arteritis is a systemic inflammatory disorder that primarily affects medium- and large-size arteries. Usually, the temporal artery is involved. In rare cases, the patient experiences symptoms elsewhere, such as in the occipital region. In such cases, biopsy of the occipital artery can be considered. Few studies are available on how to perform such a biopsy. In this case report, we describe the procedure in detail, with a focus on the important anatomic structures. We wish to offer other surgeons a quick reference in the case of a request for a biopsy of the occipital artery.

Functional respiratory imaging provides novel insights into the long-term respiratory sequelae of bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

RATIONALE: Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a common complication of preterm birth. Lung function and imaging are classically used to assess BPD. Functional respiratory imaging (FRI) combines a structural and functional assessment of the airways and their vasculature. We aimed to assess BPD using FRI and to correlate these findings with the clinical presentation. METHODS: We included 37 adolescents with a history of preterm birth (22 BPD cases and 15 preterm controls). The study protocol included a detailed history, lung function testing and computed tomography (CT) (at total lung capacity (TLC) and functional residual capacity (FRC)) with FRI. CT images were also assessed using the Aukland scoring system. RESULTS: BPD patients had lower forced expiratory volume in 1 s to forced vital capacity ratio (p=0.02) and impaired diffusion capacity (p=0.02). Aukland CT scores were not different between the two groups. FRI analysis showed higher lobar volumes in BPD patients at FRC (p<0.01), but not at TLC. Airway resistance was significantly higher in the BPD group, especially in the distal airways. Additionally, FRI showed more air trapping in BPD patients, in contrast to findings on conventional CT images. CONCLUSION: This study is the first to use FRI in research for BPD. FRI analysis showed higher lobar volumes in BPD patients, indicating air trapping and reduced inspiratory capacity. In contrast to Aukland CT scores, FRI showed more air trapping in the BPD group, suggesting that FRI might be a more sensitive detection method. Importantly, we also showed increased distal airway resistance in BPD patients. By combining structural and functional assessment, FRI may help to better understand the long-term sequelae of BPD.