RESUMO
Pediatric orthodontics is a critical field focusing on the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of dental and facial irregularities in children. This comprehensive review explores current trends and methodologies in pediatric orthodontics and discusses the multifactorial etiology of malocclusions, including genetic, environmental, and disease-related factors. The importance of proper diagnosis is highlighted, and the extraoral, intraoral, and functional evaluations essential for effective treatment planning are detailed. Various orthodontic conditions such as Class III and Class II malocclusions, abnormal oral habits, arch length discrepancies, anterior and posterior crossbites, open bites, and deep bites are examined in depth. The review also addresses the role of temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in pediatric patients, emphasizing the need for early and accurate diagnosis to facilitate appropriate intervention. The use of clear aligners in early orthodontic intervention is evaluated given their efficacy and improved patient satisfaction compared to traditional appliances. Additionally, the article discusses the non-advisability of early interception for certain self-correcting malocclusions and the limitations of pediatric orthodontic treatment, including compliance-related issues and the unique anatomical considerations of deciduous dentition. This review aims to provide a detailed understanding of contemporary practices and challenges in pediatric orthodontics, offering insights for clinicians to enhance treatment outcomes and patient care.