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1.
Antimicrob Resist Infect Control ; 13(1): 68, 2024 Jun 25.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38918863

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the leading causes of mortality due to bacterial antimicrobial resistance. While S. aureus is common in skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI) in Africa, data on MRSA rates are scarce and reports vary widely across the continent (5%-80%). In this study, we describe the proportion of MRSA causing SSTI in Lambaréné, Gabon, over an 11-year period. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed data from 953 bacterial specimens collected from inpatients and outpatients with SSTI at the Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Lambaréné, Gabon, between 2009 and 2019. We determined temporal changes in the prevalence of MRSA and identified risk factors for SSTI with MRSA. RESULTS: 68% of all specimens with bacterial growth yielded S. aureus (n = 499/731), of which 7% (36/497) with antimicrobial susceptibility testing were identified as MRSA. Age above 18 years, admission to the surgical ward, and deep-seated infections were significantly associated with MRSA as the causative agent. After an initial decline from 7% in 2009, there was a marked increase in the proportion of MRSA among all S. aureus from SSTI from 3 to 20% between 2012 and 2019. The resistance rate to erythromycin was significantly higher in MRSA than in methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (73% vs. 10%), and clindamycin resistance was detected exclusively in MRSA isolates (8%). CONCLUSION: The increasing proportion of MRSA causing SSTI over the 11-year period contrasts with many European countries where MRSA is on decline. Continuous surveillance of MRSA lineages in the hospital and community along with antibiotic stewardship programs could address the increasing trend of MRSA.


Assuntos
Antibacterianos , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Infecções dos Tecidos Moles , Humanos , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/isolamento & purificação , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/efeitos dos fármacos , Gabão/epidemiologia , Infecções dos Tecidos Moles/microbiologia , Infecções dos Tecidos Moles/epidemiologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Adolescente , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Adulto Jovem , Prevalência , Criança , Fatores de Risco , Infecções Cutâneas Estafilocócicas/epidemiologia , Infecções Cutâneas Estafilocócicas/microbiologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/epidemiologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/microbiologia , Pré-Escolar , Idoso , Lactente
2.
Microbiol Spectr ; 12(7): e0426523, 2024 Jul 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38785764

RESUMO

The disease burden of Streptococcus pyogenes is particularly high in low- and middle-income countries. However, data on the molecular epidemiology of S. pyogenes in such regions, especially sub-Saharan Africa, are scarce. To address this, whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of S. pyogenes from Gabon was performed to identify transmission clusters and provide valuable genomic data for public repositories. A total of 76 S. pyogenes isolates from 73 patients, collected between September 2012 and January 2013, were characterized by short-read whole-genome sequencing. The predominant emm types were emm58.0, emm81.2 and emm223.0 with 9.2% (7 of 76), 7.9% (6 of 76), and 6.6% (5 of 76), respectively. Single-nucleotide polymorphism analysis revealed 16 putative transmission clusters. Four of these were household transmissions. Four antimicrobial genes (lmrP, tetM, tetL, and thfT) were found in the S. pyogenes isolates from this study. All strains carried lmrP. Of the 76 isolates, 64 (84.2%) carried at least one tetracycline resistance gene (tetM or tetL). Comparisons with other publicly available African genomic data revealed a significant correlation between geographical location and genetic diversity of S. pyogenes, with Gabonese strains showing similarities to those from Kenya and certain Oceanian regions. Our study showed that transmission of S. pyogenes can occur at the community/household level and that high-resolution molecular typing is needed to monitor changes in circulating clones and to detect community outbreaks. Advocacy for the adoption of WGS for comprehensive molecular characterization of S. pyogenes and data sharing through public repositories should be encouraged to understand the molecular epidemiology and evolutionary trajectory of S. pyogenes in sub-Saharan Africa. IMPORTANCE: The study conducted in Gabon underscores the critical importance of addressing the limited knowledge of the molecular epidemiology of Streptococcus pyogenes in low- and middle-income countries, particularly sub-Saharan Africa. Our molecular analysis identified predominant emm types and unveiled 16 putative transmission clusters, four involving household transmissions. Furthermore, the study revealed a correlation between geographical location and genetic diversity, emphasizing the necessity for a comprehensive understanding of the molecular epidemiology and evolutionary trajectory of S. pyogenes in various regions. The call for advocacy in adopting whole-genome sequencing for molecular characterization and data sharing through public repositories is crucial for advancing our knowledge and implementing effective strategies to combat the spread of S. pyogenes in sub-Saharan Africa.


Assuntos
Epidemiologia Molecular , Faringe , Infecções Estreptocócicas , Streptococcus pyogenes , Sequenciamento Completo do Genoma , Humanos , Streptococcus pyogenes/genética , Streptococcus pyogenes/isolamento & purificação , Streptococcus pyogenes/classificação , Gabão/epidemiologia , Faringe/microbiologia , Infecções Estreptocócicas/microbiologia , Infecções Estreptocócicas/epidemiologia , Infecções Estreptocócicas/transmissão , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Adolescente , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Adulto Jovem , Pele/microbiologia , Lactente , Genoma Bacteriano , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Genômica , Idoso
3.
BMC Infect Dis ; 23(1): 651, 2023 Oct 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37789292

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are a group of bacteria that cause rare lung infections and are increasingly recognized as causative agents of opportunistic and device-associated infections in humans. In Gabon, there is a lack of data on NTM species identification and drug susceptibility. The aim of this study was to identify the frequency of NTM species and their genotypic susceptibility pattern to commonly used antibiotics for NTM infections in Gabon. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the CERMEL TB laboratory from January 2020 to December 2022, NTM subspecies identification and drug susceptibility testing to macrolides and aminoglycosides were performed using the genotype NTM-DR kit. RESULTS: The study found that out of 524 culture-positive specimens, 146 (28%) were NTM, with the predominant group being Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) and Mycobacterium abscessus complex (MABC). All MAC isolates were fully susceptible to macrolides and aminoglycosides, while five MABC isolates carried mutations indicative of reduced susceptibility to macrolide and aminoglycoside drugs. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that clinicians may use macrolides and aminoglycosides to manage NTM infections caused by MAC, but further investigation is required to determine MABC drug susceptibility.


Assuntos
Infecções por Mycobacterium não Tuberculosas , Mycobacterium abscessus , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Humanos , Micobactérias não Tuberculosas , Infecções por Mycobacterium não Tuberculosas/microbiologia , Estudos Transversais , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Gabão , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Complexo Mycobacterium avium , Macrolídeos , Aminoglicosídeos/farmacologia
4.
Infection ; 51(3): 697-704, 2023 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36307576

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: Routinely generated surveillance data are important for monitoring the effectiveness of MDR-TB control strategies. Incidence of rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (RR-TB) is a key indicator for monitoring MDR-TB. METHODS: In a longitudinal nationwide retrospective study, 8 years (2014-2021) of sputum samples from presumptively drug-resistant tuberculosis patients from all regions of Gabon were referred to the national tuberculosis reference laboratory. Samples were analysed using GeneXpert MTB/RIF and Genotype MTBDRsl version 2/Line Probe Assay. RESULTS: Of 3057 sputum samples from presumptive tuberculosis patients, both from local hospital and from referral patients, 334 were RR-TB. The median patient age was 33 years (interquartile range 26-43); one third was newly diagnosed drug-resistant tuberculosis patients; one-third was HIV-positive. The proportion of men with RR-TB was significantly higher than that of women (55% vs 45%; p < 0.0001). Patients aged 25-35 years were most affected (32%; 108/334). The cumulative incidence of RR-TB was 17 (95% CI 15-19)/100,000 population over 8 years. The highest incidences were observed in 2020 and 2021. A total of 281 samples were analysed for second-line drug resistance. The proportions of study participants with MDR-TB, pre-XDR-TB and XDR-TB were 90.7% (255/281), 9% (25/281) and 0.3% (1/281), respectively. The most-common mutations in fluoroquinolones resistance isolates was gyrA double mutation gyrA MUT3B and MUT3C (23%; 4/17). Most (64%; 6/8) second-line injectable drugs resistance isolates were characterised by missing both rrs WT2 and MUT2 banding. CONCLUSION: The increasing incidence of MDR-TB infection in Gabon is alarming. It is highest in the 25-35 years age category. The incidence of MDR-TB infection in treatment-naïve patients calls for case finding and contact tracing strategy improvement.


Assuntos
Tuberculose Extensivamente Resistente a Medicamentos , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Tuberculose Resistente a Múltiplos Medicamentos , Masculino , Humanos , Feminino , Antituberculosos/uso terapêutico , Tuberculose Extensivamente Resistente a Medicamentos/diagnóstico , Tuberculose Extensivamente Resistente a Medicamentos/epidemiologia , Tuberculose Extensivamente Resistente a Medicamentos/genética , Gabão , Estudos Retrospectivos , Tuberculose Resistente a Múltiplos Medicamentos/tratamento farmacológico , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana
5.
Trop Med Int Health ; 27(4): 438-444, 2022 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35167171

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: The prevalence of clinical cases of pulmonary non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) is increasing worldwide. The aim of this study was to determine the proportion and the NTM species isolated from presumptive tuberculosis patients in Lambaréné, Gabon. METHOD: From January 2018 to December 2020, sputum samples from presumptive TB patients were analysed at the tuberculosis reference laboratory of the Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné. Two sputum samples were collected per patient, and culture was performed using Bactec MGIT 960. The GenoType Mycobacterium CM/AS was used for NTM isolates confirmation and species differentiation. RESULTS: Among 1363 sputum samples analysed, 285 (20.9%) were Auramin acid fast bacilli (AFB) smear-positive. NTM were isolated in 137/1363 (10%) of the samples. The most prevalent NTM species was Mycobacterium intracellulare (n = 74; 54%). CONCLUSION: These results show the presence of NTM among presumptive TB patients in Gabon, which could potentially complicate TB diagnosis. This presents a new public health challenge, and emphasises the need to consider NTM in planning the prevention and management of tuberculosis control.


Assuntos
Infecções por Mycobacterium não Tuberculosas , Tuberculose Pulmonar , Tuberculose , Gabão/epidemiologia , Humanos , Infecções por Mycobacterium não Tuberculosas/epidemiologia , Micobactérias não Tuberculosas/genética , Escarro/microbiologia , Tuberculose/diagnóstico , Tuberculose/epidemiologia , Tuberculose Pulmonar/diagnóstico , Tuberculose Pulmonar/epidemiologia , Tuberculose Pulmonar/microbiologia
6.
Am J Trop Med Hyg ; 103(6): 2501-2505, 2020 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32975178

RESUMO

Gabon carries a high burden of both tuberculosis (TB) and smoking. This study examines the disease characteristics of smoking pulmonary TB patients in Lambaréné. We interviewed adult pulmonary TB patients in Lambaréné, between March 2016 and April 2019. Clinical and biological patient characteristics were collected. Bivariate and logistic regression analyses were performed to assess factors associated with smoking. The mean age of patients included was 31 years (±13). The proportion of smokers in our study was 30% (89/295). Smoking was significantly associated with patient-related diagnostic delay (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 8.18; 95% CI = 3.67-19.56), a higher number of pulmonary TB signs and symptoms (AOR = 2.74; 95% CI = 1.18-6.73), and a higher sputum mycobacterial load (AOR = 3.18; 95% CI = 1.33-8.11). The prevalence of smoking among TB patients is high, and leading to aggravated disease as compared with controls. Our study findings suggest that smoking patients should be regularly screened for TB, to reduce diagnostic delay and TB transmission within community. Smoking cessation activities should be included in the national TB control program in Gabon.


Assuntos
Fumar Cigarros/efeitos adversos , Fumar Cigarros/epidemiologia , Tuberculose Pulmonar/microbiologia , Tuberculose Pulmonar/patologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Antituberculosos/uso terapêutico , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Gabão/epidemiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Razão de Chances , Fatores de Risco , Tuberculose Pulmonar/complicações , Tuberculose Pulmonar/epidemiologia , Adulto Jovem
7.
Int J Infect Dis ; 56: 81-84, 2017 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27888000

RESUMO

Both routine and research tuberculosis (TB) laboratory capacity urgently need to be expanded in large parts of Sub-Saharan Africa. In 2009, the Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL) took a strategic decision to expand its activities by building TB laboratory capacity to address research questions and to improve routine diagnostic and treatment capacity. Over the past 7 years, a standard laboratory has been developed that is contributing significantly to TB diagnosis, treatment, and control in Gabon; training has also been provided for TB research staff in Central Africa. CERMEL has a cordial relationship with the Gabon National TB Control Programme (PNLT), which has culminated in a successful Global Fund joint application. This endeavour is considered a model for similar developments needed in areas of high TB prevalence and where TB control remains poor to date.


Assuntos
Fortalecimento Institucional , Laboratórios/organização & administração , Laboratórios/provisão & distribuição , Saúde Pública , Tuberculose/prevenção & controle , Tuberculose/terapia , África Subsaariana/epidemiologia , Antituberculosos/uso terapêutico , Recursos em Saúde , Humanos , Ciência de Laboratório Médico/educação , Ciência de Laboratório Médico/organização & administração , Vigilância da População , Prevalência , Tuberculose/epidemiologia
8.
Infection ; 43(2): 177-83, 2015 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25429792

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Group A streptococcus (GAS) and possibly other ß-hemolytic streptococci (BHS) account for a considerable morbidity and mortality burden in African populations; however, disproportionately little is known about the epidemiology of BHS in sub-Saharan Africa. This study assessed the prevalence of GAS, group G streptococcus (GGS) and group C streptococcus (GCS) carriage and tonsillopharyngitis in a Central African population. METHODS: A prospective cross-sectional study was performed to assess the prevalence of and risk factors for BHS carrier status and tonsillopharyngitis in children and adults in Gabon. RESULTS: The overall BHS carrier prevalence was 135/1,005 (13.4%); carrier prevalence of GAS, GGS, and GCS was 58/1,005 (5.8%), 50/1,005 (5.0%), and 32/1,005 (3.2%), respectively. Streptococcal carriage was associated with school and pre-school age (adjusted OR 2.65, 95% CI 1.62-4.36, p = 0.0001 and 1.90, 95% CI 1.14-3.17, p = 0.0141, respectively). Participants residing in urban areas were less likely carriers (OR 0.52, p = 0.0001). The point-prevalence of BHS-positive tonsillopharyngitis was 1.0% (9/1,014) and 15.0% (6/40) in school children with sore throat. CONCLUSIONS: Non-GAS exceeded GAS throat carriage and tonsillopharyngitis suggesting a yet underestimated role of non-GAS streptococci in BHS diseases.


Assuntos
Portador Sadio , Faringite/epidemiologia , Faringite/microbiologia , Faringe/microbiologia , Infecções Estreptocócicas/epidemiologia , Infecções Estreptocócicas/microbiologia , Streptococcus pyogenes/classificação , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Animais , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Gabão/epidemiologia , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Razão de Chances , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Streptococcus/classificação , Adulto Jovem
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