RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Digital eye strain (DES) has become a pervasive issue in contemporary society due to increased reliance on electronic devices. This study aims to comprehensively explore the symptoms, severity, and associated factors of DES, considering demographic, behavioral, and health-related variables. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional study was conducted among participants with diverse demographic backgrounds. A structured questionnaire collected data on participant characteristics, electronic device usage patterns, symptoms of DES, and its impact on various aspects of quality of life. Statistical analyses, including chi-square tests, were employed to assess associations and significance. RESULTS: The majority of participants reported symptoms of DES, with eye dryness, headache, and eye redness being the most prevalent. Symptom severity varied, with age, daily device usage, adherence to the 20-20-20 rule, and studying with electronic devices demonstrating statistically significant associations. Participants diagnosed with eye diseases exhibited higher symptom severity. While disagreement was common regarding DES increasing stress, a substantial proportion acknowledged its impact on productivity and attention. CONCLUSION: The current study showed that there is a significant correlation between the incidence of digital eye straining and longer screen exposure time. The findings underscore the importance of age, behavior, and ocular health in understanding and addressing DES. The results contribute to the broader discourse on digital eye health and emphasize the need for targeted interventions to alleviate the impact of DES on daily life.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: The risk of congenital anomalies is increased in infants of diabetic mothers (IDM). The most frequent cardiac anomalies in IDMs include ventricular septal defect, transposition of great arteries, and aortic stenosis. OBJECTIVE: Estimating the incidence of infants with congenital heart defects (CHD) whose mothers have diabetes in Saudi Arabia at a tertiary hospital in the National Guard Health Affairs (NGHA) system. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was a retrospective cohort. The population was all births of type 1 and type 2 diabetic mothers and non-diabetic mothers (also mothers with gestational diabetes) in NGHA by following the exclusion criteria, which were mothers over 40 and below 20 years of age, and other risk factors such as drug-induced congenital disease. The data was from deliveries from January 1st 2018 to January 1st 2019. Data were collected by chart review using the Best-Care system at NGHA hospital. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) was used for the statistical analysis. RESULTS: A total of 1838 diabetic mothers and non-exposure, non-diabetic mothers, with the outcome of whether the infant had CHD, were included in this study. Most of the mothers (544, 30.11%) were aged 30-34 years old. About two-thirds of mothers, 1161 (63.24%), weren't diabetic, 500 (27.23%) had gestational diabetes, 132 (7.19%) were type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and 43 (2.34%) were type 1 diabetes (T1DM). Two hundred eighteen (11.82%) offspring had CHD, and the remaining 1625 (88.17%) did not. The most frequent echocardiographic abnormalities in infants of diabetic mothers were patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) (31.75%), patent foramen ovale (PFO) (31.75%), and atrial septal defect (ASD) (23.64%). CONCLUSION: The incidence of CHD among infants of included mothers in this cohort study was 11.82%. The most frequent echocardiographic abnormalities in the infants of diabetics were PDA and PFO. The incidence of CHD was higher among mothers who had T1DM followed by T2DM, and whose ages were between 30-34.
