Delayed hemorrhage after pediatric stereo-electroencephalography: delayed occurrence or delayed diagnosis?

BACKGROUND: Stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG) is a well-known invasive diagnostic method for drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE). Its rate of complications is relatively low, being the intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) the most relevant. Most centers perform immediate imaging studies after SEEG to rule out complications. However, delayed intracranial hemorrhages (DIH) can occur despite normal imaging studies in the immediate postoperative period. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of DRE pediatric patients operated on SEEG between April 2016 and December 2020 in our institution. After implantation, an immediate postoperative CT was performed to check electrode placement and rule out acute complications. An additional MRI was performed 24 h after surgery. We collected all postoperative hemorrhages and considered them as major or minor according to Wellmer´s classification. RESULTS: Overall, 25 DRE patients were operated on SEEG with 316 electrodes implanted. Three ICHs were diagnosed on postoperative imaging. Two of them were asymptomatic requiring no treatment, while the other needed surgical evacuation after clinical worsening. The total risk of hemorrhage per procedure was 12%, but just one third of them were clinically relevant. Two hemorrhages were not visible on immediate postoperative CT, being incidentally diagnosed in the 24 h MRI. We recorded them as DIH and are reported in detail. CONCLUSION: Few reports of DIH after SEEG exist in the literature. It remains unclear whether these cases are late occurring hemorrhages or immediate postoperative hemorrhages undiagnosed on initial imaging. According to our findings, we recommend to perform additional late postoperative imaging to diagnose these cases and manage them accurately.

Plexopapiloma metastásico en la edad pediátrica: caso clínico y revisión de la bibliografía / Metastatic plexus papilloma in the paediatric age: a case report and review of the literature

Introducción. Los tumores del plexo coroideo son tumores poco frecuentes, con un pico de incidencia en los primeros años de vida. Clínicamente suelen producir hipertensión intracraneal. Histológicamente se dividen en papilomas y carcinomas. Es rara la existencia de metástasis en los papilomas. Caso clínico. Niña de 11 años con lesión intracraneal en el IV ventrículo y lesión intradural sacra. Se practica craneotomía suboccipital con resección total de la lesión ventricular, y en un segundo tiempo exéresis parcial de la lesión espinal. El estudio histológico determina el diagnóstico de papiloma típico del plexo coroideo en la lesión intracraneal y de metástasisde papiloma del plexo coroideo en la lesión espinal. Al revisar la bibliografía, se comprueba que en la edad pediátrica es muy raro encontrar papilomas del plexo coroideo con lesiones metastásicas. No existe consenso en el tratamiento de las metástasis de plexopapilomas en la edad pediátrica, adoptándose una conducta expectante en dos casos y tratamiento quirúrgico mediante laminectomía en otro. Conclusiones. Los papilomas del plexo coroideo son lesiones raras, benignas y con buen pronóstico. Es poco frecuente la existencia de metástasis. El tratamiento de elección es la resección total de la lesión. Para el tratamiento de las metástasis no hay evidencias de cuál es la mejor actitud, y se han propuesto distintas alternativas (AU)

Introduction. Tumours of the choroid plexus are uncommon, with a peak incidence in the early years of life. Clinically they usually produce intracranial hypertension. Histologically, they can be divided into papillomas and carcinomas. Metastasis rarely occurs in the case of papillomas. Case report. An 11-year-old female with an intracranial lesion in the 4th ventricle and a sacral intradural lesion. A suboccipital craniotomy with total resection of the ventricular lesion was performed and this was followed later by partial exeresis of the spinal lesion. The histological study provides the diagnosis of typical choroid plexus papilloma in the intracranial lesion and choroid plexus papilloma metastasis in the spinal lesion. A review of the literature showed that choroid plexus papillomas with metastatic lesions are very rarely found at the paediatric age. There is no general agreement on the treatment of plexus papilloma metastasis at the paediatric age, expectant management being adopted in two cases and surgical treatment involving a laminectomy in the other. Conclusions. Choroid plexus papillomas are rare, benign lesions with a good prognosis. Metastasis seldom exists. Preferred treatment is total resection of the lesion. For the treatment of metastases, there is no evidence as to which is the best approach and different alternatives have been suggested (AU)

[Metastatic plexus papilloma in the paediatric age: a case report and review of the literature]. / Plexopapiloma metástasico en la edad pediátrica: caso clínico y revisión de la bibliografía.

INTRODUCTION: Tumours of the choroid plexus are uncommon, with a peak incidence in the early years of life. Clinically they usually produce intracranial hypertension. Histologically, they can be divided into papillomas and carcinomas. Metastasis rarely occurs in the case of papillomas. CASE REPORT: An 11-year-old female with an intracranial lesion in the 4th ventricle and a sacral intradural lesion. A sub-occipital craniotomy with total resection of the ventricular lesion was performed and this was followed later by partial exeresis of the spinal lesion. The histological study provides the diagnosis of typical choroid plexus papilloma in the intracranial lesion and choroid plexus papilloma metastasis in the spinal lesion. A review of the literature showed that choroid plexus papillomas with metastatic lesions are very rarely found at the paediatric age. There is no general agreement on the treatment of plexus papilloma metastasis at the paediatric age, expectant management being adopted in two cases and surgical treatment involving a laminectomy in the other. CONCLUSIONS: Choroid plexus papillomas are rare, benign lesions with a good prognosis. Metastasis seldom exists. Preferred treatment is total resection of the lesion. For the treatment of metastases, there is no evidence as to which is the best approach and different alternatives have been suggested.