Measurement of concentrations of four chemical ultraviolet filters in human breast tissue at serial locations across the breast.

The human population is widely exposed to benzophenone-3 (BP-3), octylmethoxycinnamate (OMC), 4-methylbenzilidenecamphor (4-MBC) and homosalate from their use in consumer goods to absorb ultraviolet (UV) light. Their oestrogenic activity and presence in human milk suggest a potential to influence breast cancer development. In this study, high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to measure concentrations of these UV filters in human breast tissue from three serial locations across the breast from 40 women undergoing mastectomy for primary breast cancer. One or more of these UV filters were quantifiable in 101 of 120 (84%) of the tissue samples and at least one breast region for 38 of 40 women. BP-3 was measured in 83 of 120 (69%) tissue samples and at least one breast region for 33 of 40 women (range 0-26.0 ng g-1 tissue). OMC was measured in 89 of 120 (74%) tissue samples and at least one breast region for 33 of 40 women (range 0-58.7 ng g-1 tissue). 4-MBC was measured in 15 of 120 (13%) tissue samples and at least one breast region for seven of 40 women (range 0-25.6 ng g-1 tissue). Homosalate was not detected in any sample. Spearman's analyses showed significant positive correlations between concentrations of BP-3 and OMC in each of the three breast regions. For ethical reasons cancerous tissue was not available, but as the location of the cancer was known, Mann-Whitney U-tests investigated any link between chemical concentration and whether a tumour was present in that region or not. For the lateral region, more BP-3 was measured when a tumour was present (P = .007) and for OMC the P value was .061. For seven (of 40) women with measurable 4-MBC, six of seven had measurable 4-MBC at the site of the tumour.

Effect of short-term water restriction in hot season on some blood parameters and immune response to Newcastle disease vaccine of local and commercial layers in the late phase of production.

Forty-five Hisex commercial layers and forty-five local Saudi breed layers were used to compare and assess the effect of water restriction under hot conditions on blood constituents and immune response to Newcastle disease (ND) vaccine. The trial was divided into three periods: control (7 day), water restriction (14 day) and rehydration (7 day). During water restriction, layers from each breed were divided into three groups that received 0%, 20% and 40% restriction of drinking water relative to the control period. The immune response against ND was affected by breed; it also declined significantly with 40% water restriction 10 days post-restriction. Water restriction did not affect haematocrit value, plasma total protein, albumin, glucose or osmolality, which may not suggest a reduction in plasma volume. However, plasma creatinine increased in both breeds because of water restriction that remained elevated during rehydration. Water restriction increased plasma urea in the local group, while it decreased in the commercial group. Irrespective of rate of water restriction, it can be concluded that the two breeds can withstand up to 40% water restriction during high environmental temperature. However, the local breed may be superior in water conservation in relation to the commercial layers.