Risk factors for physical child abuse in infants and toddlers.

BACKGROUND: We examined the risk factors and injuries in physical child abuse between November 2003 and February 2007. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The uptake area of the University Hospital of Turku, Finland, consists of about 700 000 inhabitants. Forty-eight cases of physical child abuse were examined. The median age of the abused children was 2.2 years, for children with skull fractures it was 0.5 years. The incidence of child physical abuse increased during the study period; it was 0.6/month in 2004 and 1.7/month in 2006. Mortality in the study group was 2.1 %. RESULTS: Depression, overactivity, crying and prematurity were risk factors in the physically abused children. Parental risk factors were alcohol and drug abuse. Most often the perpetrator was the father or stepfather; when the perpetrator was unknown, the children were mostly in their mothers' care. The average delay of 3 weeks until starting the investigation into abuse was mostly due to delays by health centers or homes. Radiographs were the cornerstones of the medical examination but magnetic resonance examinations were essential for the examination protocol. CONCLUSIONS: All levels of public health services, day care facilities and schools must be aware of possible physical child abuse and initiate an investigation as soon as possible by contacting the authorities. Physically abused children and their families must be followed up and supported for a sufficiently long period by social pediatric outpatient wards. The general information on child maltreatment provided to the public needs to be increased to prevent abuse. A child welfare report must be made to social workers in every maltreatment case examined in hospital, and in most cases the offence must also be reported to the police. Nevertheless, in certain cases even permanent custody of the child cannot be avoided.

High-Resolution Infrared Spectrum of CD(3)CN: Analysis of the Interacting nu(3) and nu(6) Bands and Evaluation of the A(0) Constant.

The infrared spectrum in the range 900-1230 cm(-1) including the fundamental bands nu(3) and nu(6) of CD(3)CN has been studied. The resolution attained was 0.0025 cm(-1) in the measurement on the Bruker 120 HR Fourier spectrometer in Oulu. About 4000 lines were assigned in the nu(6) band. For the weak nu(3) band, which has not been observed earlier directly, we were able to assign 206 lines in three subbands K=8-10. These lines become detectable due to the strong nu(3)/nu(6) Coriolis resonance. There is also an l(1,-2) resonance between nu(3) and nu(6), which made it possible to obtain a value 2.647721(50) cm(-1) for the axial rotational constant A(0), when D(0)(K) from force field calculations was applied. Different types of resonances with the overtone 3nu(8) and the combinations nu(4)+nu(8) and nu(7)+nu(8) were observed. A fit with a standard deviation of 0.0019 cm(-1) was attained by using a model of 10 different resonances. Copyright 2001 Academic Press.

The nu(2) Band of Formaldehyde-d(2).

High-resolution Fourier transform infrared spectrum of the nu(2) band (1590-1780 cm(-1)) of deuterated formaldehyde D(2)CO has been recorded. More than 2500 rovibrational transitions have been assigned up to J(max) = 52 and K(max)(a) = 17. The upper state v(2) = 1 (A(1)) was found to be perturbed by a DeltaK(a) = 2 interaction with the v(4) = 2 (A(1)) state. To explain the resonance perturbation in the v(2) = 1 state, some lines of the 2nu(4) band (the band center at about 1868 cm(-1)) have also been assigned. Both bands were fitted simultaneously to the Watson-type rotational Hamiltonian using I(r) representation in A reduction, and the mutual interaction was taken into account. As a result, the rotational parameters of the v(2) = 1 state up to eighth order and the interaction parameter have been obtained. Copyright 2001 Academic Press.

Study on the Rovibrational Interactions and a(1)/a(2) Splittings in the nu(3)/nu(5)/nu(6) Triad of CH(3)D.

High-resolution Fourier transform infrared spectrum of CH(3)D has been recorded in the region of the fundamental bands nu(3), nu(5), and nu(6) between 900 and 1700 cm(-1). High sensitivity of the equipment used as well as high accuracy of the recorded line positions gave the possibility of assigning the first-time transitions with the upper state J quantum number up to 23. In the analysis the new ground vibrational state information [O. N. Ulenikov, G. A. Onopenko, N. E. Tyabaeva, J. Schroderus, and S. Alanko, J. Mol. Spectrosc. 193, 249-259 (1999)] were used. In addition, modification of the Hamiltonian model of the interacting vibrational states (v(3) = 1), (v(5) = 1), and (v(6) = 1) allowed the theoretical description of numerous effects and peculiarities in the spectrum. In particular, sets of a(1)/a(2) splittings have been assigned and explained, not only for upper state K = 1 and 2 but also for K = 4 and 5. Moreover, unusually giant exotic splittings have been found for K = 7. The spectroscopic parameters reproducing the initial experimental energies with accuracy close to the experimental uncertainty have been determined. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.

Rotational Analysis of the Ground State and the Lowest Fundamentals nu(3), nu(5), and nu(6) of (13)CH(3)D.

The nu(3), nu(5), and nu(6) fundamental bands of the (13)CH(3)D molecule have been studied with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The spectra and results for the parent species (12)CH(3)D (O. N. Ulenikov, G. A. Onopenko, N. E. Tyabaeva, J. Schroderus, and S. Alanko, J. Mol. Spectrosc. 193, 249-259 (1999)) have been used to assign and analyze about 1900 lines belonging to the (13)CH(3)D isotopic species. About 850 ground state combination differences with DeltaK = 0 were calculated, which allowed us to determine the J-dependent ground state rotational constants. The K-dependent constants as well as those describing the a(1)-a(2) (K = 3) splitting were fixed to the values obtained for the (12)CH(3)D species. The (v(3) = 1), (v(5) = 1), and (v(6) = 1) states were fit simultaneously by including the intervibrational interactions in the Hamiltonian. The rotational energies, the rotational and centrifugal distortion constants, as well as the resonance parameters involving the three states have been determined and discussed. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.

The Coriolis-Coupled States v(6) = 1 and v(8) = 1 of DCOOH.

The Fourier transform gas-phase infrared spectra of the Coriolis-perturbed nu(6) and nu(8) bands of deuterated formic acid DCOOH were measured with a resolution of ca. 0.003 cm(-1). Combined analysis of the 8977 IR transitions and all the available rotational data (from literature) in the ground state, as well as in the excited vibrational states v(6) = 1 and v(8) = 1 was carried out. The Coriolis coupling terms were determined and improved sets of rotational and centrifugal distortion parameters for the ground and excited vibrational states were obtained. The determined band centers are nu(0) (nu(8)) = 873.385046(12) cm(-1) and nu(0) (nu(6)) = 970.8889551(46) cm(-1). Copyright 1999 Academic Press.

On the Rotational Analysis of the Ground Vibrational State of CH3D Molecule.

The rotational analysis in the ground vibrational state has been carried out for CH3D by using the ground state combination differences. More than 1500 allowed and 2500 forbidden transitions from the fundamental bands nu3, nu5, and nu6 were used to determine 12 rotational parameters, which reproduce the observed combination differences within an accuracy of 1.0 x 10(-4) cm-1. Altogether ten independent a1-a2 (K = 3) splittings with J >/= 10 in the vibrational ground state were observed and analyzed both with supercombination differences method [O. N. Ulenikov, S. Alanko, M. Koivusaari, and R. Anttila, Chem. Phys. Lett. 268, 242-248 (1997)] and by generating energy levels from Hamiltonian. Problems in simultaneous determination of epsilon; and &htilde;3 constants responsible for such splittings are discussed. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.

Lowest Overtone and Combination Levels of DCCI: The Fermi Resonance v3 = 1/v5 = 2.

The infrared spectrum of deuterated monoiodoacetylene DCCI in the region of 220-550 cm-1 has been studied at a resolution of 0.0020 cm-1. The hot bands nu3 <-- nu15 and 2nu0,25 <-- nu15 have been analyzed by considering especially the Fermi resonance v3 = 1/v5 = 2. In the next layer of the hot bands (nu3 + nu5)1 <-- nu3, (nu3 + nu5)1 <-- 2nu0,25 and 3nu1,35 <-- 2nu25 the same Fermi resonance appears between v3 = v5 = 1 and v5 = 3. In addition, various l resonances at the overtone levels have been considered. As a result, the vibrational and rotational constants for the level systems v3 = 1/v5 = 2 and v3 = v5 = 1/v5 = 3 together with the resonance parameters have been obtained. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.

Isotope Substitution in near Local Mode Molecules: Bending Overtones nnu2 (n = 2, 3) of the HDS Molecule.

There are two main goals in the present study: (a) to record and analyze the weak overtones nnu2 (n = 2, 3) of the bending fundamental nu2 of the HDS molecule and (b) to derive new isotopic relations for spectroscopic parameters applicable to predict, at least qualitatively, the structures of the excited bending states of HDX-type molecules. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.

The Molecular Constants of 12CH3I in the Ground and v6 = 1 Excited Vibrational State.

A set of 26 new measurements have been recorded by a Doppler-free double-resonance technique, with a relative accuracy of about 10(-8). These data are combined to previous FTIR measurements to refine the molecular constants of 12CH3I. All the available literature data have been revisited, a few assignments updated, and some frequencies changed according to new laser standards. A simultaneous fit to all the measurements of infrared, microwave, and radiofrequency transitions produced an improved set of parameters, independent of previously determined constants. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.

First High-Resolution Study of the 13CHD3 Infrared Spectrum: Rotational Analysis of the Ground State and the Fundamentals nu5 and nu3/nu6.

The rotational structure in three fundamental bands nu3, nu5, and nu6 of 13CHD3 has been analyzed. As this study evidently is the first high-resolution investigation on the spectrum of this molecule, the determination of the ground state rotational constants was the necessary first step. The nu5 band (1290.536 cm-1) could be treated as an isolated band whereas it was necessary to analyze the bands nu3 (994.713 cm-1) and nu6 (1030.243 cm-1) simultaneously because of very strong interactions. The total number of assigned lines was 1116. The spectral region 850-1530 cm-1 was measured on a Fourier transform spectrometer and the 13C species was in natural abundance in CHD3. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.

High-Resolution Infrared Spectrum of Monoiodoacetylene Between 2000 and 3000 cm-1.

The high-resolution infrared spectrum of monoiodoacetylene measured with a Bruker IFS 120 HR Fourier transform spectrometer in the spectral range of 2000-3000 cm-1 has been studied in detail. The strongest bands observed in the wavenumber region investigated are the C-C stretching fundamental nu2 (2034-2082 cm-1) and the accompanying hot bands of the types nu2 + nun - nun, where n = 3, 4, or 5, associated with the lowest stretching state v3 = 1 and with the low-lying bending states v4 = 1 and v5 = 1, 2, respectively. The combination bands of the types nu2 + nun, where n is as above, starting direct from the ground state have also been observed. In addition, the weak overtone band 2nu2 (4081-4121 cm-1) has been measured to study the anharmonicity of the C-C stretching mode. The new, more accurate values for the ground state rotational constants have been derived by combining the ground state combination differences calculated from our IR data available in the present work as well as in our previous investigations concerning the HCCI molecule to the accurate MW transitions from the literature. The rotational structures of the overtone level v2 = 2 and the combination levels v2 = vn = 1, where n is as above, have been investigated by analyzing the observed spectra with a model including various Fermi- and l-type resonances. As a result, the values for the harmonic frequency omega02 and the anharmonicity constants x22, x23, x24, and x25 are determined. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.

High-Resolution Fourier Transform Spectra of HDS in the Regions of the Bands nu1 and 2nu1/nu2 + nu3

High-resolution spectrum of the HDS molecule was recorded with the Bruker Fourier spectrometer in Oulu in the regions of the nu1 and 2nu1/nu2 + nu3 absorption bands. Fine rotational structure of the nu1 band was analyzed with the model of an isolated vibrational state, while in the analysis of the 2nu1 and nu2 + nu3 bands it was necessary to take into account the resonance interactions between these two bands. Comparison of the experimentally determined parameters is made with the deductions of the expanded local mode approach. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.

Infrared Spectrum of 13CH3I in the 2770-3200 cm-1 Region: Rotational Analysis of the Fundamentals nu1 and nu4 Together with 2nu5 and nu3 + nu5 + nu6

The high resolution infrared spectrum of 13CH3I in the region of the fundamental bands nu1(A1) and nu±14(E) near 3000 cm-1 have been studied in detail with an effective resolution better than 0.0040 cm-1. In addition to these fundamentals, an overtone band 2nu05 and a PAPE band nu3 + nu-/+15 + nu±16 have been identified in the region. The excited states of these four bands, together with 2nu2 + nu3, nu2 + 2nu-/+26, nu2 + nu±15, nu2 + nu3 + nu±16, 2nu-/+25, nu3 + nu-/+15 + nu-/+16, 2nu3 + 2nu0,-/+26, and 3nu3 + nu±15, form a complicated level system with a number of resonances coupling the levels. Accordingly the bands have been analyzed by diagonalizing the complete energy matrices with all the interactions simultaneously taken into account. Special care has been paid to eliminate the effects of the near-lying vibrational levels on the constants of the fundamentals. Especially the influence of the strong Fermi resonance nu1/2nu05 has been studied. The model with 60 free parameters could reproduce the 4610 experimental transitions with only fairly modest standard deviation of 4.3 x 10(-3) cm-1. The physically reasonable values for the parameters were considered more important than just the final standard deviation of the least squares fit. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.

The role of Fas ligand in the development of insulitis in nonobese diabetic mice.

The role of Fas ligand-induced lymphocyte apoptosis in the development of insulitis was studied in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. Fas ligand with a molecular weight of 45 kD appeared in the pancreas of NOD mice during the onset of insulitis as demonstrated by western blot analysis. In situ DNA end-labeling (ISEL) of the pancreases of NOD mice demonstrated positive cells in the islets of Langerhans, with an age-dependent increase in the density and frequency of animals with islets containing ISEL-positive cells. In the pancreatic islets of BALB/c mice, no ISEL-positive cells were observed in any of the age groups studied. In ultrastructural analysis degenerating cells with condensed or fragmented nuclei and plasma membranes detached from neighboring cells were observed both in and around the islets. In some cases, these cells were being phagocytosed by the neighboring islet cells. Degenerating cells with characteristics of lymphocytes were seen in contact with healthy lymphocytes around the islets. Neutralizing Fas ligand antibodies affected 3H-thymidine incorporation of CD3+CD28+ pancreatic lymphocytes from 12- to 30-week-old NOD mice in one of three cultures. There was no difference in the effect of neutralizing Fas ligand antibodies between pancreatic and blood lymphocytes. The present results on an increase in density of apoptotic cells in pancreatic islets of NOD mice simultaneously with the onset of insulitis and appearance of Fas ligand suggest that the pancreas infiltrating lymphocytes may be destroyed by Fas ligand-induced apoptosis.

High-Resolution Infrared Study of the Fundamental Bands of Deuteroiodoacetylene

The high-resolution infrared spectrum of deuterated iodoacetylene has been measured in the region 200-2700 cm-1. In addition to all five fundamentals, the bands 2nu40 and 2nu50 have been identified. The measurements were carried out by using a Fourier transform spectrometer at room temperature with instrumental resolution of about 0.0020 cm-1. The ground state rotational constants B0 = 0.0970742961(72) cm-1, D0 = 1.38482(20) x 10(-8) cm-1, and H0 = -1.47(10) x 10(-15) cm-1 have been determined by combining 462 ground state combination differences from the same bands mentioned above with accurate MW data from the literature. In addition, the molecular constants for all the fundamental levels have been obtained. Copyright 1997 Academic Press. Copyright 1997Academic Press

A New Rotational Study of the Ground Vibrational State of CHD3

A careful rotational analysis of the ground vibrational state of the CHD3 molecule is made on the basis of the ground state combination differences method using, as the initial information, transitions from 12 infrared absorption bands: nu3(A1), nu6(E), nu5(E), 2nu3(A1), 2nu6(A1), 2nu6(E), nu3 + nu6(E), 2nu5(A1), 2nu5(E), nu3 + nu5(E), nu5 + nu6(A1 + A2), and nu5 + nu6(E). More than 2500 "forbidden" transitions were used to determine the parameters C, DK, and HK. a1 - a2 (K = 3) splittings in the ground vibrational state were found and analyzed. Copyright 1997 Academic Press. Copyright 1997Academic Press

Precise Study of the Lowest Vibration-Rotational Bands nu5 and nu3/nu6 of the CHD3 Molecule

The high-resolution absorption spectrum of the CHD3 molecule has been measured on a Fourier transform spectrometer in the region of the nu5 and nu3/nu6 bands and analyzed for the first time by taking into account a1 - a2 (K = 3) splittings of the ground vibrational state. The problem of ambiguity in determining the corresponding epsilon; parameter of the ground vibrational state was solved on the basis of the analysis of the rotational structure of the nu5 band. Numerous a1-a2 splittings for the states with Kupper = 1, 2, 4, 5, 7 in the nu5 and nu6 bands are described. Copyright 1997 Academic Press. Copyright 1997Academic Press

The High-Resolution Fourier Transform Spectrum of Dideuterated Methane CH2D2 in the Region between 1900 and 2400 cm-1

The infrared spectrum of doubly deuterated methane CH2D2 has been recorded in the region from 1900 to 2400 cm-1 at almost Doppler-limited resolution by using two high-resolution Fourier transform spectrometers. The vibrational bands observed include 2nu4, nu4 + nu7, 2nu7, nu2, nu8, nu4 + nu9, and nu7 + nu9, which were analyzed by taking into account Coriolis and Fermi interactions among them and also those with nu4 + nu5, nu3 + nu7, and nu5 + nu7. Most of the centrifugal distortion constants were constrained to appropriate values, while the vibrational term value and three rotational constants in each of the seven excited states were adjusted along with Coriolis and Fermi interaction parameters by the least-squares analysis of the observed spectrum. The vibration-rotation interaction constants alphas thus determined for the nu2 and nu8 states were combined with those of other fundamental states already published to calculate the equilibrium C-H distance.

Recovery of natural killer cells after chemotherapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia and solid tumors.

Recovery of natural killer (NK) cells after cessation of chemotherapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and solid tumors was investigated in 25 children aged 3 to 18 years. The numbers of CD3-CD56+, CD16+, and CD8-CD57+ cells in peripheral blood were analyzed with monoclonal antibodies and flow cytometry at 0, 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after discontinuation of therapy. The CD3-CD56+ and CD16+ cell counts of ALL patients (n = 14) were below the mean -1 SD values of controls at cessation but normalized within one month due to a rapid 2.1 and 4.5 fold increase, respectively. The CD8-CD57+ cell count of ALL patients was normal compared to controls at cessation. In solid tumor patients (n = 11), the counts of all NK cell phenotypes studied were of normal amount compared to controls at cessation and no vigorous increase occurred after the therapy. NK cell function was determined by killing K 562 target cells in five patients. In the two standard risk ALL patients tested, the activity was still low at 5 months after therapy. In contrast, the function was normal at 1 month (Wilms' tumor), 3 months (Mb Hodgkin's) and 6 months (Burkitt lymphoma). In conclusion, NK cell counts were decreased compared to controls during therapy for ALL, but recovered rapidly afterwards. In spite of normal counts, NK cell function may be impaired for several months. The number and function of NK cells is less affected in solid tumor patients. These differences may reflect the milder immunosuppressive effect of interval cytostatic medication in solid tumor patients when compared to the more intensive continuous therapy in ALL patients.