Assessment of Full-Fat Tenebrio molitor as Feed Ingredient for Solea senegalensis: Effects on Growth Performance and Lipid Profile.

Tenebrio molitor (TM) is considered as one of the most promising protein sources for replacing fish meal in aquafeeds, among other things because it is rich in protein, a good source of micronutrients and has a low carbon footprint and land use. However, the main drawback of TM is its fatty acid profile, in particular its low content of n-3 PUFA. This study evaluates the effects of partially replacing plant or marine-derived with full-fat TM meal at two different levels on growth performance and lipid profiles of Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis). For this purpose, a control diet (CTRL) and four experimental isoproteic (53%) and isolipidic (16%) diets were formulated containing 5 and 10% TM meal replacing mostly fish meal (FM5 and FM10), or 10 and 15% TM meal replacing mostly plant meal (PP10 and PP15). Fish (215 g) were fed at 1% of their body weight for 98 days. The final body weight of fish fed the experimental diets containing TM meal was not different from that of fish fed the CTRL diet (289 g). However, the inclusion of TM meal resulted in a gradual improvement in growth rate and feed efficiency in both cases (replacement of fish or plant meals), and significant differences in specific growth rate (SGR) were observed between fish fed the CTRL diet (SGR = 0.30% day-1) and those fed diets with the highest TM meal content (PP15; SGR = 0.35% day-1). The experimental groups did not show any differences in the protein content of the muscle (19.6% w/w). However, significant differences were observed in the total lipid content of the muscle, with the FM10, PP10, and PP15 groups having the lowest muscle lipid contents (2.2% ww). These fish also showed the lowest neutral lipid content in muscle (6.6% dw), but no differences were observed in the total phospholipid content (2.6% dw). Regarding the fatty acid profile, fish fed FM10, PP10 and PP15 had lower levels of linoleic acid (18:2n-6) and higher levels of oleic acid (18:1n-9) in liver and muscle compared to fish fed CTRL. However, no differences were found between fish fed CTRL and TM-based diets for docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) and total n-3 PUFA in liver and muscle. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that full-fat TM inclusion up to 15% in S. senegalensis diets had no negative effects or even some positive effects on fish survival, growth performance, nutrient utilization and flesh quality.

Acquisition of educational values at the Real Madrid Foundation's social-sports schools.

The objective of this study was to analyse the impact of the educational programme of the Real Madrid Foundation (RMF) on the acquisition of educational values at social-sports football and basketball schools among children aged between 12 and 16 years in Italy, Romania, Spain and the United Kingdom. The most significant results showed that: (a) between the 20-21 and 21-22 seasons, there were statistically significant increases in personal and team success, self-fulfilment, personal and group superiority, health and physical fitness, and peaceful behaviour; and (b) the increase in variables being studied was different according to the country analysed in such a way that: in the per-sonal and team success dimension there was a rise in the United Kingdom and Italy; in self-fulfilment there was an increase in the United Kingdom; in the personal and group superiority dimension there was a rise in Italy and Romania; in the health and physical fitness dimension there was an increase in social-sports schools in the United Kingdom and Italy; in the peaceful behaviour dimension there was a rise in social-sports schools in the United Kingdom and a drop in social-sports schools in Romania. There were very significant improvements in the majority of dimensions and countries, although the development of the various dimensions is different and specific to every one of the distinct countries, meaning that it is necessary to keep adapting the educational programme of the Real Madrid Foundation in line with the sociocultural characteristics of each of the countries in which it is implemented.

The cognitive benefits of basketball training compared to a combined endurance and resistance training regimen: a four-month intervention study.

Neurocognitive function, especially executive functioning, is positively associated with better fitness or higher levels of physical activity (PA). Previous research suggests that combined endurance and resistance (AER+R) training leads to greater improvements than training in either modality separately. Dynamic team sports with cognitive dimensions, such as basketball (BAS), may be an excellent context for improving cognition. This study compared the effects of following a four-month PA training program in BAS versus AER+R on executive functions along with a control group with low PA. Fifty participants completed the training period and were randomly distributed into three groups: BAS (16 participants), AER+R (18), and control (16). Participants in the BAS group showed improved inhibition and working memory and those in the AER+R group showed improved inhibition and cognitive flexibility, while inhibition deteriorated in the control group. There were significant differences between groups only in inhibition. It appears that following a four-month PA training program is enough to enhance executive functioning, and improvements in inhibition are more evident when the program includes an open sport such as BAS.

Intraocular Pressure as an Indicator of the Level of Induced Anxiety in Basketball.

SIGNIFICANCE: Our data demonstrate that intraocular pressure (IOP) is sensitive to anxiety manipulation in sport scenarios, specifically in a basketball free throw task. The present outcomes may be of special relevance because of its practical advantages for the objective control of athletes' anxiety levels. PURPOSE: Athletes experience high levels of anxiety during sport competition, and IOP has demonstrated to reflect autonomous nervous system changes during mentally demanding situations. We tested whether different levels of induced anxiety during basketball free throw shooting alter IOP. METHODS: We followed a repeated-measures design to test the effects of anxiety-induced manipulation during basketball free throw shooting on IOP, shooting performance, and perceived anxiety. Eighteen amateur basketball players performed three experimental sessions consisting of 100 free throws each. However, we gave three different instructions to participants regarding the score assigned to each free throw, allowing us to manipulate the level of induced anxiety (low, medium, and high). RESULTS: Confirming a successful anxiety manipulation, basketball players reported more perceived anxiety with higher levels of induced anxiety (P < .001, η = 0.37). Our data show that higher levels of induced anxiety provoke an acute IOP rise (P < .001, η = 0.44), with the low-, medium-, and high-anxiety-induced conditions promoting an average IOP rise of 0.21, 1.63, and 18.46%, respectively. Also, there was a linear IOP rise over time in the high-anxiety-induced condition (r = 0.82). Nevertheless, we found no effect of anxiety-induced manipulation on basketball free throw performance (P = .93). CONCLUSIONS: Intraocular pressure is sensitive to anxiety-induced manipulation during basketball free throw shooting, showing an increase in parallel with accumulated anxiety. Based on these findings, IOP may be considered a promising tool for the assessment of the level of anxiety in certain sport situations. Future studies are required to explore the generalizability of these results in other scenarios with different physical and mental demands.

Alimentos microencapsulados para el cultivo de larvas de pejelagarto (Atractosteus tropicus) / Microencapsulated diets for tropical gar (Atractosteus tropicus) larviculture

Resumen El pejelagarto es una especie importante para la acuicultura en el sureste de México. Se han realizado varios estudios sobre nutrición y fisiología digestiva; sin embargo, el uso de microcápsulas para la alimentación de larvas que permitan mejorar el crecimiento y la supervivencia no ha sido realizado. En este sentido, se evaluaron cuatro alimentos microencapsulados en el crecimiento y supervivencia de larvas de pejelagarto (Atractosteus tropicus). Los tratamientos consistieron en cuatro dietas experimentales y un control: 1) Microcápsula con base en harina de pescado (DP), 2) Microcápsula con base en una combinación de harina de cerdo y pollo (Re), 3) Microcápsula con base en Nannochloropsis gaditana (Ng), 4) Microcápsula con base en un preparado enzimático, pancreatina (PE) el tratamiento control 5) Nauplios de Artemia (Na). Los resultados de las dietas indican que las larvas alimentadas con Nauplios (Na) tuvieron el mayor crecimiento y supervivencia (3.93 cm, 0.19 g y 82 % respectivamente). Mientras que en el caso de las larvas alimentadas con las dietas microencapsuladas, los mejores valores de supervivencia se observaron con las dietas Nannochloropsis gaditana (Ng) y preparado enzimático (PE) (20.0 y 19.2 % respectivamente). Nuestros resultados demuestran que el uso de microencapsulados para la alimentación de larvas de A. tropicus es factible, aunque se requieren más investigaciones para optimizar su diseño y elaboración para mejorar el crecimiento y supervivencia de los organismos.

Abstract Tropical gar is an important species for aquaculture purposes in Southeast Mexico. Several studies regarding nutrition and digestive physiology have been done; however, the use of microcapsules for larvae feeding to improve growth and survival has not been conducted. In this sense, four microencapsulated diets were evaluated with respect to the growth and survival of tropical gar Atractosteus tropicus larvae. The treatments consisted of four experimental diets and one control diet 1) fish meal, 2) a combination of pork and poultry meals, 3) Nannochloropsis gaditana meal, 4) enzyme preparation and the control treatment 5) Artemia nauplii. The evaluation indicated that the larvae fed the Artemia nauplii obtained the greatest growth and survival (3.93 cm, 0.19 g y 82 % respectively), which justifies a correct culture system operation. While larvae fed microencapsulated diets best values in survival were observed with diets Nannochloropsis gaditana and enzyme preparation (20.0 and 19.2 %). Our results showed that microencapsulated could be used to feed A. tropicus in feasibly form. However, more information concerning to optimize the design and manufacturing are required to improve the growth and survival of organisms. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(3): 1298-1313. Epub 2018 September 01.

La fatiga mental deteriora el rendimiento en el tiro libre en baloncesto / Mental fatigue impairs the basketball free-throw performance

La fatiga mental tiene un efecto negativo en tareas de resistencia, pero poco se sabe de su efecto en habilidades deportivas de precisión. El objetivo de este estudio fue comprobar si el esfuerzo mental reduce la eficacia de los tiros libre en baloncesto. 18 jugadores semiprofesionales realizaron el experimento. El grupo experimental realizó la prueba de memoria 2-back, mientras otro grupo control realizó la versión Oddball de la misma tarea, una versión que no genera fatiga del ejecutivo central. Los participantes del grupo experimental tuvieron un porcentaje de acierto inferior al del grupo control. Estos resultados demuestran la influencia negativa de la fatiga mental sobre habilidades de precisión como es el tiro libre en baloncesto (AU)

Mental fatigue has a negative effect on endurance tasks, but little is known about its effect on sports skills precision. The aim of this study was to check if mental stress reduces the free throw effectiveness in basketball. 18 semi-professional players performed the experiment. The experimental group performed the 2-back memory task, while another control group performed the Oddball version of the same test, a version that does not generate fatigue of the central executive. Participants in the experimental group had a lower rate of success than the control group. These results demonstrate the negative influence of mental fatigue on precision skills such as free throw in basketball (AU)

Las funciones ejecutivas como predictoras del nivel de pericia en jugadores de baloncesto / Executive functions predict expertise in basketball players

Los deportes de interacción se desarrollan en contextos extraordinariamente variables, impredecibles, lo que supone que el nivel de entropía es muy elevado. En estos entornos, donde la toma de decisiones resulta determinante para el éxito deportivo, la participación del ejecutivo central juega un papel fundamental. El objetivo de este estudio fue explorar la importancia que pueden tener las funciones ejecutivas como valor predictivo del nivel de pericia de jugadores de baloncesto. Se evaluaron un total de 34 jugadores de baloncesto masculino, de los cuales 12 pertenecían a un equipo profesional de la liga ACB (M = 25.2 años), 12 a un equipo semiprofesional de liga EBA (M = 20.7 años), y 10 a un equipo amateur de liga regional (M = 22.7 años). Se utilizaron la prueba Design Fluency Test, para la flexibilidad cognitiva y la prueba de interferencia de Stroop, para la capacidad de inhibición. Se encontraron diferencias entre las medias de los jugadores ACB y las de los otros dos grupos, pero no entre semiprofesionales y amateurs. Los resultados muestran una mayor flexibilidad cognitiva de los jugadores de baloncesto profesionales respecto a los jugadores no profesionales pero en cambio no distinguen entre grupos cuando se refiere a la capacidad de inhibición. Teniendo en consideración que la primera de las pruebas mide además memoria de trabajo y capacidad inhibitoria, los resultados en general señalan la importancia de las funciones ejecutivas en el baloncesto y coinciden con los de estudios anteriores que indican que los atletas de élite en comparación con los sub-élite o novatos tienen un rendimiento cognitivo superior, aunque en este caso altamente especializado (AU)

Interaction Sports are developed in extremely variable, unpredictable contexts, which means that the level of entropy is very high. In these environments, where decision making is decisive for sporting success, the participation of the central executive plays a key role. The aim of this study was to explore the potential importance of executive functions such as predictive value of the level of expertise of basketball players. A total of 34 men basketball players, of whom 12 belonged to a professional team of the ACB league (M = 25.2 years), 12 a semi-pro team of the EBA league (M = 20.7 years) and 10 of a regional amateur league team (M = 22.7 years) were evaluated. Design Fluency Test was used for cognitive flexibility and Stroop interference test for the inhibitory capacity. Differences between the means of the ACB players and those of the other two groups, but not between semiprofessional and amateurs were found. The results show a greater cognitive flexibility of professional basketball players over non professional players but instead does not distinguish between groups when referring to the inhibitory capacity. Considering that the first test also measures working memory and inhibitory capacity, the overall results point to the importance of executive functions in basketball and are consistent with those of previous studies indicating that elite athletes compared to sub-elite or novice have superior cognitive performance, although in this case highly specialized (AU)

El aprendizaje de reglas discriminativas complejas en baloncesto a través de una instrucción intencional / Learning complex basketball rules discriminative through instruction intentional / A aprendizagem de regras discriminativas complexas no basquetebol através de uma instrução intencional

El objetivo del presente trabajo es presentar un estudio de casos para ver si un grupo de jugadores consiguen mejorar su toma de decisiones mediante el aprendizaje intencional de unas reglas complejas, con poca saliencia perceptiva. Participaron 10 jugadores de baloncesto de género masculino con edades comprendidas entre los 18 y los 24 años (M = 21.47). Se utilizó un diseño pre-experimental intrasujeto, en el que el grupo considerado es el grupo experimental. En el estudio se examinaron las réplicas individuales del efecto de la intervención en cada jugador con una comparación transversal analizando los cambios pre y post exposición a la intervención, y otra longitudinal, para valorar los cambios que se producían a lo largo de la temporada, seleccionando para ello 8 partidos de manera aleatoria. Se midieron la toma de decisiones durante las acciones de bloqueos que se producían durante los partidos. La intervención se basó en la presentación de las claves mediante un feedback reflexivo. Los resultados muestran como tras el proceso de entrenamiento los jugadores tomaron mejores decisiones durante las acciones de los bloqueos. Además se encontró una correlación entre la toma de decisiones y la eficacia en el juego. Los resultados obtenidos en este estudio permiten pensar que el entrenamiento de la toma de decisiones basado en un aprendizaje explícito con una intencionalidad reflexiva puede ser adecuado para acciones de alta complejidad como las que se producen en los bloqueos en baloncesto (AU)

The aim of this paper is to present a case study to see if a group of players get improve their decision -making through intentional learning of complex rules, with little perceptual salience . They included 10 basketball players male aged between 18 and 24 years (M = 21.47 ) . A within pre -experimental design was used , in which the group considered is the experimental group. In the study the effect of individual responses from each player in the intervention were examined with a cross comparison analyzing the pre and post exposure changes to the intervention, and other longitudinal, to assess the changes occurring throughout the season, selecting 8 games for it randomly . Decision-making were measured during blocking actions that occurred during games. The intervention was based on the presentation of the keys using a reflective feedback The results show that after the process of training the players made better decisions for the actions of blocks. Furthermore a correlation between decision making and effectiveness found in the game . The results obtained in this study lead us to believe that the training of decision-making based on an explicit learning with a reflective intentionality may be suitable for highly complex actions such as those that occur in crashes in basketball (AU)

O objectivo do presente trabalho é apresentar um estudo de casos que pretende averiguar se um grupo de jogadores consegue melhorar a sua tomada de decisão mediante a aprendizagem intencional de regras complexas,com pouca saliência perceptiva. Participaram 10 jogadores de basquete boldo género masculino com idades compreendidas entre os 18 e os 24anos (M = 21.47). Para tal foi utilizado um delineamento pré-experimental intrasujeito, no qual o grupo considerado é o grupo experimental. No estudo foram analisadas as réplicas individuais do efeito da intervenção em cada jogador através de uma comparação transversal que visava analisar as mudançaspré e pós exposição à intervenção, e outra longitudinal, para avaliaras mudanças que se produziam durante os jogos. A intervenção baseou-sena apresentação de pistas mediante um feedback reflexivo. Os resultados revelam que através do processo de treino os jogadores tomaram melhores decisões durante as acções de bloqueio. Adicionalmente, verificou-se uma correlação entre a tomada de decisão e a eficácia no jogo. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo permitem indiciam que o treino da tomada de decisão baseado na aprendizagem explícita com uma intencionalidade reflexiva pode ser adequado para acções de elevada complexidade como as que se produzem nos bloqueios no basquetebol (AU)

La concepción constructivista como modelo explicativo del aprendizaje en los deportes de equipo / The constructivist approach as an explanatory model in team sports

El objetivo de este trabajo es exponer cómo se hace necesario utilizar la teoría constructivista para poder entender los mecanismos que se producen en el aprendizaje de los deportes de equipo. Éstos poseen unas características propias que dan lugar a numerosas habilidades, las cuales requieren, además de un dominio motriz, de la capacidad por parte del jugador de saber cuándo y dónde utilizarlas, es decir, se necesita un proceso de comprensión de la lógica del juego para poder jugar. La mayoría de los modelos de enseñanza que se utilizan en la actualidad dentro del entrenamiento deportivo todavía se basan en teorías de aprendizaje asociativas, en las que el jugador debe adquirir una serie de habilidades de manera descontextualizadas, siendo esta enseñanza insuficiente para el entendimiento de los deportes de equipo.

The aim of this paper is to explain how it is necessary to use constructivist theory to understand the mechanisms that occur in the learning of team sports. These have distinct characteristics that give rise to many skills, which also require a motor domain, the capacity of each player to know when and where to use them, i.e. it needs a process of understanding the logic of the game to play. Most of the teaching models that are currently used in sports training is still based on theories of associative learning in which the player must acquire a skill set so decontextualized, this teaching being insufficient for understanding the team sports.

Influencia del programa de entrenamiento reflexivo sobre el conocimiento declarativo de un equipo de baloncesto / Influence of training program reflexive on declarative knowledge of a basketball team

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la influencia de programa entrenamiento para la mejora de los conceptos de juego sobre el conocimiento declarativo de un equipo de baloncesto. En el estudio participaron un total de 10 jugadores Seniors con una edad media de 21 años. La intervención se basó en hacerle comprender al jugador, mediante un proceso de reflexión y exploración, el por qué de las acciones de juego colectivo, mediante el entendimiento de los principios que rigen el baloncesto. El programa tuvo una duración de 7 meses, con tres sesiones semanales. Para la evaluación del conocimiento del jugador se seleccionaron imágenes de partidos de baloncesto de alto nivel, y se les pidió a los sujetos experimentales que las evaluaran. A continuación se analizó su respuesta comparándola con la evaluación que hicieron un grupo de expertos de esas mismas situaciones de juego. Tras la intervención se encontraron diferencias significativas (p < .000) entre la cantidad de conocimiento declarativo sobre la lógica interna sobre el juego de los resultados del pre y postest (AU)

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of a training program on declarative knowledge that he had a team on the internal logic of basketball. The participants in the study were 10 senior players with a mean age of 21 years. The intervention was based on the player you understand, through a process of reflection (..) (AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi de analisar a influência de um programa de treinamento para melhorar os (..) (AU)

Influencia del programa de entrenamiento reflexivo sobre el conocimiento declarativo de un equipo de baloncesto / Influence of training program reflexive on declarative knowledge of a basketball team

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la influencia de programa entrenamiento para la mejora de los conceptos de juego sobre el conocimiento declarativo de un equipo de baloncesto. En el estudio participaron un total de 10 jugadores Seniors con una edad media de 21 años. La intervención se basó en hacerle comprender al jugador, mediante un proceso de reflexión y exploración, el por qué de las acciones de juego colectivo, mediante el entendimiento de los principios que rigen el baloncesto. El programa tuvo una duración de 7 meses, con tres sesiones semanales. Para la evaluación del conocimiento del jugador se seleccionaron imágenes departidos de baloncesto de alto nivel, y se les pidió a los sujetos experimentales que las evaluaran. A continuación se analizó su respuesta comparándola con la evaluación que hicieron un grupo de expertos de esas mismas situaciones de juego. Tras la intervención se encontraron diferencias significativas (p < .000) entre la cantidad de conocimiento declarativo sobre la lógica interna sobre el juego de los resultados del pre y postest (AU)

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of a training program on declarative knowledge that he had a team on the internal logic of basketball. The participants in the study were 10 senior players with a mean age of 21 years. The intervention was based on the player you understand, through a process of reflection and exploration, the reasons for the actions of collective game, by understanding the principles of basketball. The program lasted 7 months, with three sessions a week. To evaluate the knowledge of images selected player basketball games of high level, and asked the experimental subjects for assessment. Then we analyzed their response compared with the evaluation of a panel made of the same game situations. The results demonstrated that the experimental subjects improved significantly (p < .000) in knowledge they had on the internal logic of the actions that were presented on the test (AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi de analisar a influência de um programa de treinamento para melhorar os conceitos sobre o jogo e a confirmação declarada de conhecimento de uma equipe de basquete. Nesse estudo participaram um total de 10 jogadores Sênior, com uma idade media de 21 anos. A intervenção foi baseada em fazer com que os jogares compreendessem mediante um processo de reflexão e exploração, o porquê das ações do jogo coletivo através do entendimento dos princípios que regem o basquete. O programa teve uma duração de sete meses, com três sessões semanais. Para avaliar o conhecimento do jogador, foram selecionadas imagens de um jogo de alto nível e foi solicitada a avaliação e comentário por parte dos jogadores. Depois foram analisadas as respostas comparando com a avaliação feita por um grupo de profissionais de mesma situação de jogo. Pós a intervenção foram encontradas diferenças significativas (p < 0.000) entre a quantidade de conhecimento declarado sobre alógica interna sobre o resultado do jogo do pré e do pós test (AU)