Desigualdad de resultados pruebas Saber-11 antes y durante la pandemia covid-19 (2014-2021) / Inequality in the results of Saber-11 Tests before and during the COVID-19 pandemic (2014 - 2021) / Desigualdade dos resultados dos testes do Saber-11 antes e durante a pandemia de Covid-19 (2014-2021)

Resumen (analítico) Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de la desigualdad en los resultados de las pruebas Saber-11 en el periodo 2014-2021 del departamento de Boyacá, Colombia, y los efectos de la pandemia del covid-19 en tales resultados, según áreas de conocimiento y nivel socioeconómico. Esta investigación se realizó con base en los datos de las pruebas Saber-11 obtenidos en la página del Instituto Colombiano para la Evaluación de la Educación. Se observó que en Boyacá el mejor desempeño lo obtienen los estudiantes de los colegios privados y de estratos 3, 4 y 5. Se evidencia el aumento de la brecha educativa en el departamento durante la pandemia del covid-19, producto de las desigualdades en el acceso a la educación y los problemas de conectividad en los territorios.

Abstract (analytical) The authors conducted a descriptive analysis of inequality in the results of the standardized Saber-11 tests for students conducted in the period 2014-2021 in the department of Boyacá, Colombia and the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on these results. The results were analyzed in accordance with areas of knowledge and students' socioeconomic level. This research was carried out using data from the Saber-11 tests that was obtained from the Instituto Colombiano para la Evaluación de la Educación website. It was observed that in Boyacá, the best academic results were obtained by students from private schools and those from the middle and upper classes (Strata 3, 4 and 5). An in-crease in the education gap in Boyacá during the COVID-19 pandemic was evidenced by the authors as a result of inequalities with access to education and connectivity problems in the state.

Resumo (analítico) Neste artigo, foi feita uma análise descritiva da desigualdade nos resultados dos testes do Saber-11 no período 2014-2021 do departamento de Boyacá-Colômbia, com o objectivo de analisar os resultados dos testes do Saber-11 e os efeitos do Covid-19 pandemia, de acordo com as áreas de conhecimento e nível socioeconómico. Esta investigação foi realizada com base nos dados dos testes do Saber-11º ano obtidos no site do Instituto Colombiano para la Evaluación de la Educación. Observouse que no departamento de Boyacá o melhor desempenho foi obtido por estudantes de escolas públicas e dos estratos 3, 4 e 5. Evidencia-se um aumento da lacuna educacional no departamento durante a pandemia de Covid-19, como resultado das desigualdades no acesso à educação e dos problemas de conectividade nos territórios.

Probiotic Consumption Boosts Thymus in Obesity and Senescence Mouse Models.

The ability of the immune system to respond to different pathogens throughout life requires the constant production and selection of T cells in the thymus. This immune organ is very sensitive to age, infectious processes and nutrition disorders (obesity and malnutrition). Several studies have shown that the incorporation of some probiotic bacteria or probiotic fermented milk in the diet has beneficial effects, not only at the intestinal level but also on distant mucosal tissues, improving the architecture of the thymus in a malnutrition model. The aim of the present study was to determine whether supplementation with the probiotic strain Lactobacillus casei CRL 431 and/or its cell wall could improve body weight, intestinal microbiota and thymus structure and function in both obese and aging mice. We evaluated probiotic administration to BALB/c mice in 2 experimental mouse models: obesity and senescence, including mice of different ages (21, 28, 45, 90 and 180 days). Changes in thymus size and histology were recorded. T-lymphocyte population and cytokine production were also determined. The consumption of probiotics improved the cortical/medullary ratio, the production and regulation of cytokines and the recovery of mature T-lymphocyte populations of the thymus in obese and old mice. Probiotic incorporation into the diet could not only modulate the immune system but also lead to thymus function recovery, thus improving quality of life.

Mastitis granulomatosa crónica idiopática / Chronic idiopathic granulomatous mastitis

Introducción: La mastitis granulomatosa idiopática (MGI) es una enfermedad inflamatoria crónica, poco común. Objetivo: Revisión bibliográfica y aporte de nuestra casuística. Material y métodos: Se seleccionaron 20 pacientes con diagnóstico histopatológico de MGI entre 1989 y 2011. Las variables fueron: motivo de consulta, edad, procedencia, antecedentes gineco-obstétricos, tamaño, localización, estado hormonal, axila, comorbilidades, resultados imaginológicos y microbiológicos. Resultados: La consulta más frecuente fue uno o más nódulos (90% ), dolor y rubor (50%). El 80% procedían de áreas periurbanas o del interior de la provincia. El tamaño mayor de 5 cm o menor a 2 cm , representó el 15%. El 95% fue unilateral. El 50% comprometió más de un cuadrante. Predominaron las mujeres en edad fértil. El 30% tenía adenopatías. El 75% tuvo lactancia mayor a 3 m eses. Las comorbilidades fueron hipotiroidismo, enfermedades autoinmunes (tiroiditis de Hashimoto, eritema nudoso) y artralgia. BI-RADS 4 representó el 45%. El tratamiento quirúrgico se realizó en el 60%. El tratamiento médico combinado con antibióticos, corticoides y/o tamoxifeno y los antiinflamatorios no esteroides (AINES) fue lo más común. El 45% se curó, se complicó el 30% y recidivó el 25%. Conclusiones: Es una entidad infrecuente que se sospecha en la anamnesis y confirma con la anatomía patológica. Su manejo debe ser multidisciplinario.(AU)

Mastitis granulomatosa crónica idiopática / Chronic idiopathic granulomatous mastitis

Introducción: La mastitis granulomatosa idiopática (MGI) es una enfermedad inflamatoria crónica, poco común. Objetivo: Revisión bibliográfica y aporte de nuestra casuística. Material y métodos: Se seleccionaron 20 pacientes con diagnóstico histopatológico de MGI entre 1989 y 2011. Las variables fueron: motivo de consulta, edad, procedencia, antecedentes gineco-obstétricos, tamaño, localización, estado hormonal, axila, comorbilidades, resultados imaginológicos y microbiológicos. Resultados: La consulta más frecuente fue uno o más nódulos (90% ), dolor y rubor (50%). El 80% procedían de áreas periurbanas o del interior de la provincia. El tamaño mayor de 5 cm o menor a 2 cm , representó el 15%. El 95% fue unilateral. El 50% comprometió más de un cuadrante. Predominaron las mujeres en edad fértil. El 30% tenía adenopatías. El 75% tuvo lactancia mayor a 3 m eses. Las comorbilidades fueron hipotiroidismo, enfermedades autoinmunes (tiroiditis de Hashimoto, eritema nudoso) y artralgia. BI-RADS 4 representó el 45%. El tratamiento quirúrgico se realizó en el 60%. El tratamiento médico combinado con antibióticos, corticoides y/o tamoxifeno y los antiinflamatorios no esteroides (AINES) fue lo más común. El 45% se curó, se complicó el 30% y recidivó el 25%. Conclusiones: Es una entidad infrecuente que se sospecha en la anamnesis y confirma con la anatomía patológica. Su manejo debe ser multidisciplinario.

Keratinocyte-targeted overexpression of the glucocorticoid receptor delays cutaneous wound healing.

Delayed wound healing is one of the most common secondary adverse effects associated to the therapeutic use of glucocorticoid (GC) analogs, which act through the ligand-dependent transcription factor GC-receptor (GR). GR function is exerted through DNA-binding-dependent and -independent mechanisms, classically referred to as transactivation (TA) and transrepression (TR). Currently both TA and TR are thought to contribute to the therapeutical effects mediated by GR; however their relative contribution to unwanted side effects such as delayed wound healing is unknown. We evaluated skin wound healing in transgenic mice with keratinocyte-restricted expression of either wild type GR or a mutant GR that is TA-defective but efficient in TR (K5-GR and K5-GR-TR mice, respectively). Our data show that at days (d) 4 and 8 following wounding, healing in K5-GR mice was delayed relative to WT, with reduced recruitment of granulocytes and macrophages and diminished TNF-α and IL-1ß expression. TGF-ß1 and Kgf expression was repressed in K5-GR skin whereas TGF-ß3 was up-regulated. The re-epithelialization rate was reduced in K5-GR relative to WT, as was formation of granulation tissue. In contrast, K5-GR-TR mice showed delays in healing at d4 but re-established the skin breach at d8 concomitant with decreased repression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors relative to K5-GR mice. Keratinocytes from both transgenic mice closed in vitro wounds slower relative to WT, consistent with the in vivo defects in cell migration. Overall, the delay in the early stages of wound healing in both transgenic models is similar to that elicited by systemic treatment with dexamethasone. Wound responses in the transgenic keratinocytes correlated with reduced ERK activity both in vivo and in vitro. We conclude that the TR function of GR is sufficient for negatively regulating early stages of wound closure, while TA by GR is required for delaying later stages of healing.

Preoperative dexamethasone reduces postoperative pain, nausea and vomiting following mastectomy for breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Dexamethasone has been reported to reduce postoperative symptoms after different surgical procedures. We evaluated the efficacy of preoperative dexamethasone in ameliorating postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), and pain after mastectomy. METHODS: In this prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 70 patients scheduled for mastectomy with axillary lymph node dissection were analyzed after randomization to treatment with 8 mg intravenous dexamethasone (n = 35) or placebo (n = 35). All patients underwent standardized procedures for general anesthesia and surgery. Episodes of PONV and pain score were recorded on a visual analogue scale. Analgesic and antiemetic requirements were also recorded. RESULTS: Demographic and medical variables were similar between groups. The incidence of PONV was lower in the dexamethasone group at the early postoperative evaluation (28.6% vs. 60%; p = 0.02) and at 6 h (17.2% vs. 45.8%; p = 0.03). More patients in the placebo group required additional antiemetic medication (21 vs. 8; p = 0.01). Dexamethasone treatment significantly reduced postoperative pain just after surgery (VAS score, 4.54 ± 1.55 vs. 5.83 ± 2.00; p = 0.004), at 6 h (3.03 ± 1.20 vs. 4.17 ± 1.24; p < 0.0005) and at 12 h (2.09 ± 0.85 vs. 2.54 ± 0.98; p = 0.04). Analgesics were required in more patients of the control group (21 vs. 10; p = 0.008). There were no adverse events, morbidity or mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative intravenous dexamethasone (8 mg) can significantly reduce the incidence of PONV and pain in patients undergoing mastectomy with axillary dissection for breast cancer. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT01116713.