Mammary fibroepithelial hyperplasia in a male cat

Background: Feline mammary hyperplasia (FMH) is a benign disease that commonly affects young females, once it iscaused by the exaggerated stimulation of endogenous or exogenous progestogen. FMH leads to acute edema and inflammation of the mammary glands and frequently evolve to ulcerations, secondary infections, and systemic clinical signs.Even though it is rare in male cats, progesterone therapy or an unknown endogenous source of hormone can cause thedisease. This report aims to describe a case of FMH in a male feline with no history of hormonal treatment and treatedwith radical surgical resection.Case: A 7-month-old intact male domestic shorthair cat was presented due to acute onset of generalized mammary tumorswhich had progressed for 18 days. Tumors size had 5 cm large in diameter, symmetric, bilateral, and affected all mammaryglands. The tissue was firm, hyperemic, and ulcerated. FMH was initially suspected but with a differential diagnosis formammary adenocarcinoma. Except for pain on tumor palpation, there was no other clinical abnormality. Survey thoracicradiographs and abdominal ultrasound did not find signs of metastasis or hermaphroditism. Fine-needle aspirate biopsy andfurther cytological examination were inconclusive. Surgical resection through a single-stage bilateral total mastectomy andreconstruction using a left flank fold flap was elected. There were no intraoperative complications and the cat recoveredwell, with good healing and no clinical signs 21 days after the surgery. Histological examination of the mammary glandsconfirmed the diagnosis of FMH due to the non-neoplastic characteristics and tissues benign biological behavior. Elevenmonths after diagnosis, the cat was asymptomatic.Discussion: The FMH frequently affects young females and is associated with gestational periods, the end of the estrouscycle, and, most commonly, hormonal therapy with synthetic progesterone. Male cats are rarely affected with or...(AU)

Clitoridectomy and urethrostomy in a pseudohermaphrodite dog

Background: Hermaphroditism is a rare congenital disease that causes ambiguous sexual features. True hermaphroditeshave testicular and ovarian tissue, whereas pseudohermaphrodites have only one type of gonadal tissue and genitalia, butsecondary characteristics of the opposite sex. Pseudohermaphrodites are classified as male or female according to theirgonads. Treatment of pseudohermaphroditism consists of surgical removal of the gonads including reconstruction of abnormal genitalia, especially if the urethra is involved. Therefore, the objective of this report is to describe a case of a malepseudohermaphrodite in a dog treated with clitoridectomy with urethrostomy.Case: A 7-month-old, mixed-breed dog was referred due to the presence of a flaccid structure similar to a small penis,containing an os clitoris, bulbourethral glands, and urethra protruding from the vulva. Physical examination, completeblood count and serum biochemistry were within normal ranges. Hormonal levels of estradiol, testosterone, and progesterone were 56.39 pg/mL, 127.9 ng/mL, and 0.892 ng/mL, respectively. The abdominal ultrasound and posteriorly theexploratory celiotomy found a normal size prostate and two round organs resembling testicles connected to a uterus-liketubular structure. The patient underwent surgical abdominal exploration that confirmed the ultrasonographic findings andled to gonadohysterectomy. Also, clitoridectomy and urethrostomy were performed to excise the protruded structure andmaintain normal urethral patency. The histopathological examination of the clitoris and penis confirmed it was a malegenital organ, however, the abdominal structures were compatible with the testicles, epididymis, uterus, and even a broadligament. These organs are normally found in cases of male pseudohermaphroditism. The...(AU)

Clitoridectomy and urethrostomy in a pseudohermaphrodite dog

Background: Hermaphroditism is a rare congenital disease that causes ambiguous sexual features. True hermaphroditeshave testicular and ovarian tissue, whereas pseudohermaphrodites have only one type of gonadal tissue and genitalia, butsecondary characteristics of the opposite sex. Pseudohermaphrodites are classified as male or female according to theirgonads. Treatment of pseudohermaphroditism consists of surgical removal of the gonads including reconstruction of abnormal genitalia, especially if the urethra is involved. Therefore, the objective of this report is to describe a case of a malepseudohermaphrodite in a dog treated with clitoridectomy with urethrostomy.Case: A 7-month-old, mixed-breed dog was referred due to the presence of a flaccid structure similar to a small penis,containing an os clitoris, bulbourethral glands, and urethra protruding from the vulva. Physical examination, completeblood count and serum biochemistry were within normal ranges. Hormonal levels of estradiol, testosterone, and progesterone were 56.39 pg/mL, 127.9 ng/mL, and 0.892 ng/mL, respectively. The abdominal ultrasound and posteriorly theexploratory celiotomy found a normal size prostate and two round organs resembling testicles connected to a uterus-liketubular structure. The patient underwent surgical abdominal exploration that confirmed the ultrasonographic findings andled to gonadohysterectomy. Also, clitoridectomy and urethrostomy were performed to excise the protruded structure andmaintain normal urethral patency. The histopathological examination of the clitoris and penis confirmed it was a malegenital organ, however, the abdominal structures were compatible with the testicles, epididymis, uterus, and even a broadligament. These organs are normally found in cases of male pseudohermaphroditism. The...

Mammary fibroepithelial hyperplasia in a male cat

Background: Feline mammary hyperplasia (FMH) is a benign disease that commonly affects young females, once it iscaused by the exaggerated stimulation of endogenous or exogenous progestogen. FMH leads to acute edema and inflammation of the mammary glands and frequently evolve to ulcerations, secondary infections, and systemic clinical signs.Even though it is rare in male cats, progesterone therapy or an unknown endogenous source of hormone can cause thedisease. This report aims to describe a case of FMH in a male feline with no history of hormonal treatment and treatedwith radical surgical resection.Case: A 7-month-old intact male domestic shorthair cat was presented due to acute onset of generalized mammary tumorswhich had progressed for 18 days. Tumors size had 5 cm large in diameter, symmetric, bilateral, and affected all mammaryglands. The tissue was firm, hyperemic, and ulcerated. FMH was initially suspected but with a differential diagnosis formammary adenocarcinoma. Except for pain on tumor palpation, there was no other clinical abnormality. Survey thoracicradiographs and abdominal ultrasound did not find signs of metastasis or hermaphroditism. Fine-needle aspirate biopsy andfurther cytological examination were inconclusive. Surgical resection through a single-stage bilateral total mastectomy andreconstruction using a left flank fold flap was elected. There were no intraoperative complications and the cat recoveredwell, with good healing and no clinical signs 21 days after the surgery. Histological examination of the mammary glandsconfirmed the diagnosis of FMH due to the non-neoplastic characteristics and tissue’s benign biological behavior. Elevenmonths after diagnosis, the cat was asymptomatic.Discussion: The FMH frequently affects young females and is associated with gestational periods, the end of the estrouscycle, and, most commonly, hormonal therapy with synthetic progesterone. Male cats are rarely affected with or...

Open surgical thrombectomy and coronary stent placement for treatment of aortic thrombotic disease in a bitch

Background: The thrombotic aortic disease in dogs and cats is characterized by the pathological formation of blood clots that can rupture and obstruct the blood flow. Abdominal ultrasonography can identify the location and extension of thrombus in the main vasculature and using the doppler it is possible to observe the blood flow around the thrombus. Stents are expandable tube-shaped endoprosthesis characterized as a metal mesh and used to prevent or repair stenoses, allowing liquid, gas, or solids to flow. This report aims to describe the surgical and medical treatment of aortic thrombotic disease followed by coronary stents placement in a bitch. Case: An 8-year-old Shih Tzu bitch, presented for evaluation of a 1-month progressive hind limbs paresis. Nociception was present in both limbs, but the patient presented discomfort and vocalization when manipulating the pelvic limbs. A complete blood count demonstrated anemia, mild neutrophilia, and lymphopenia. Serum biochemistry found an increase in ALT, ALP, blood urea nitrogen, and CK. Abdominal ultrasonography detected mild bulging of the caudal aorta and trifurcation of the iliac arteries. Increased intraluminal echogenicity and absence of blood flow were also detected using duplex doppler. The initial medical treatment was ineffective in improving clinical signs, therefore surgical repair was performed. The aorta was isolated and clamped with Satinsky forceps and incised. The thrombus fragmented during removal. A non-compliant high-pressure balloon was used to dilated and remove small fragments of blood clots from the right and left external iliac arteries. Coronary stents of 32 mm length by 2.75 mm diameter were placed to keep both iliac arteries free. Immediately after the procedure, there was a detectable distal pulse in both hind limbs...(AU)

Open surgical thrombectomy and coronary stent placement for treatment of aortic thrombotic disease in a bitch

Background: The thrombotic aortic disease in dogs and cats is characterized by the pathological formation of blood clots that can rupture and obstruct the blood flow. Abdominal ultrasonography can identify the location and extension of thrombus in the main vasculature and using the doppler it is possible to observe the blood flow around the thrombus. Stents are expandable tube-shaped endoprosthesis characterized as a metal mesh and used to prevent or repair stenoses, allowing liquid, gas, or solids to flow. This report aims to describe the surgical and medical treatment of aortic thrombotic disease followed by coronary stents placement in a bitch. Case: An 8-year-old Shih Tzu bitch, presented for evaluation of a 1-month progressive hind limbs paresis. Nociception was present in both limbs, but the patient presented discomfort and vocalization when manipulating the pelvic limbs. A complete blood count demonstrated anemia, mild neutrophilia, and lymphopenia. Serum biochemistry found an increase in ALT, ALP, blood urea nitrogen, and CK. Abdominal ultrasonography detected mild bulging of the caudal aorta and trifurcation of the iliac arteries. Increased intraluminal echogenicity and absence of blood flow were also detected using duplex doppler. The initial medical treatment was ineffective in improving clinical signs, therefore surgical repair was performed. The aorta was isolated and clamped with Satinsky forceps and incised. The thrombus fragmented during removal. A non-compliant high-pressure balloon was used to dilated and remove small fragments of blood clots from the right and left external iliac arteries. Coronary stents of 32 mm length by 2.75 mm diameter were placed to keep both iliac arteries free. Immediately after the procedure, there was a detectable distal pulse in both hind limbs...

Use of monopolar cauterization by cystoscopy for ectopic intramural ureter correction in a bitch

Background: The ectopic ureter (EU) is considered a congenital anomaly in which the ureteral aperture opens in a positionother than the bladder neck. The diagnosis involves the use of different methods or combination of image exams, including excretory urography, pneumocystography, ultrasonography, cystoscopy and computed tomography. The technics forsurgical repair should be considered evaluating the number and functionality of the EU, the location of the ureteral opening, functional condition of ipsilateral kidney and the presence of other abnormalities. The case reports aims to show thesurgical repair of an intramural EU in an English Bulldog bitch by cystoscopy-guided monopolar cautery.Case: A 1-year-old English Bulldog bitch received medical care due to a history of urinary incontinence since a few monthsof life. The animal had laboratory abnormalities compatible with lower urinary tract infection, followed by a profoundgrowth of Klebsiella sp in urine culture, and received antibiotic treatment for 21 days based on antibiogram results. Dueto a suspect EU, a urinary tract tomography was performed and indicated a congenital kidney malformation (renal dysplasia), enlargement and distal insertion of the left ureter (in comparison with the contralateral one), rising suspiciously ofits intramural progression. We choose to proceed to cystoscopy examination, in which both right and left ureteral ostiumcould be seen in the urethral region. A guide of a pigtail catheter was inserted through both ureteral ostia in order to orientthe ureteral incision. The monopolar cautery was inserted in cystoscopy working channel to section the mucosa of EUchannel on urethra region, separating the lumen of EU from the urethra and extending the incision cranially inside theurinary bladder lumen. After a complete section of the ectopic tissue, a pigtail urinary catheter was correctly placed inboth ureters...(AU)

Use of monopolar cauterization by cystoscopy for ectopic intramural ureter correction in a bitch

Background: The ectopic ureter (EU) is considered a congenital anomaly in which the ureteral aperture opens in a positionother than the bladder neck. The diagnosis involves the use of different methods or combination of image exams, including excretory urography, pneumocystography, ultrasonography, cystoscopy and computed tomography. The technics forsurgical repair should be considered evaluating the number and functionality of the EU, the location of the ureteral opening, functional condition of ipsilateral kidney and the presence of other abnormalities. The case reports aims to show thesurgical repair of an intramural EU in an English Bulldog bitch by cystoscopy-guided monopolar cautery.Case: A 1-year-old English Bulldog bitch received medical care due to a history of urinary incontinence since a few monthsof life. The animal had laboratory abnormalities compatible with lower urinary tract infection, followed by a profoundgrowth of Klebsiella sp in urine culture, and received antibiotic treatment for 21 days based on antibiogram results. Dueto a suspect EU, a urinary tract tomography was performed and indicated a congenital kidney malformation (renal dysplasia), enlargement and distal insertion of the left ureter (in comparison with the contralateral one), rising suspiciously ofits intramural progression. We choose to proceed to cystoscopy examination, in which both right and left ureteral ostiumcould be seen in the urethral region. A guide of a pigtail catheter was inserted through both ureteral ostia in order to orientthe ureteral incision. The monopolar cautery was inserted in cystoscopy working channel to section the mucosa of EUchannel on urethra region, separating the lumen of EU from the urethra and extending the incision cranially inside theurinary bladder lumen. After a complete section of the ectopic tissue, a pigtail urinary catheter was correctly placed inboth ureters...

Acute Lung Injury Syndrome (TRALI) in a dog possibly triggered by blood transfusion

Background: Acute Lung Injury (ALI) and the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) are clinical syndromes, differing in severity, characterized by bilateral noncardiogenic pulmonary edema, usually associated with an underlying cause. Diagnosis is given by thoracic radiography and PaO2 /FiO2 ratio <300. The possible Transfusion Related Acute Lung Injury (TRALI) occurs when ALI or ARDS signs (i.e. hypoxemia and bilateral pulmonary infiltrates) are found in patients without preexisting ALI that have received transfusion in the last 72 h. This case report describes a case of a canine patient that developed possible TRALI after a forelimb amputation and a whole blood transfusion.Case: A 10-year-old female dog, with necrotic and infected bite injuries on left forelimb was initially treated conservatively with topical and systemics antibiotics. Eventually, a forelimb amputation was required, due to the soft tissue necrosis. Pre-operative complete blood count, serum biochemistry and venous blood gas analysis showed mild changes, including anemia, leukocytosis, metabolic acidosis, and increases in blood urea nitrogen, alkaline phosphatase, alanine transaminase. The patient was stable before surgery but required a post-operative whole blood transfusion to treat severe anemia. A crossmatch test was performed to reduce the possibility of transfusion reaction. Despite both surgery and hemotherapy went as expected, approximately eight hours after the transfusion, the patient developed deterioration of all vital signs, including hypotension and severe hypoxemia, with PaO2 /FiO2 <126 and oxyhemoglobin saturation (SpO2) < 90% on room air. Thoracic radiographies showed mixed pattern of bilateral pulmonary infiltration. The patient’s condition worsened with signs of respiratory failure, cyanosis and severe hemodynamic impairment. There was no improvement after administration of furosemide, hydrocortisone, vasoactives, supplemental oxygen and mechanical ventilation.[...]

Acute Lung Injury Syndrome (TRALI) in a dog possibly triggered by blood transfusion

Background: Acute Lung Injury (ALI) and the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) are clinical syndromes, differing in severity, characterized by bilateral noncardiogenic pulmonary edema, usually associated with an underlying cause. Diagnosis is given by thoracic radiography and PaO2 /FiO2 ratio <300. The possible Transfusion Related Acute Lung Injury (TRALI) occurs when ALI or ARDS signs (i.e. hypoxemia and bilateral pulmonary infiltrates) are found in patients without preexisting ALI that have received transfusion in the last 72 h. This case report describes a case of a canine patient that developed possible TRALI after a forelimb amputation and a whole blood transfusion.Case: A 10-year-old female dog, with necrotic and infected bite injuries on left forelimb was initially treated conservatively with topical and systemics antibiotics. Eventually, a forelimb amputation was required, due to the soft tissue necrosis. Pre-operative complete blood count, serum biochemistry and venous blood gas analysis showed mild changes, including anemia, leukocytosis, metabolic acidosis, and increases in blood urea nitrogen, alkaline phosphatase, alanine transaminase. The patient was stable before surgery but required a post-operative whole blood transfusion to treat severe anemia. A crossmatch test was performed to reduce the possibility of transfusion reaction. Despite both surgery and hemotherapy went as expected, approximately eight hours after the transfusion, the patient developed deterioration of all vital signs, including hypotension and severe hypoxemia, with PaO2 /FiO2 <126 and oxyhemoglobin saturation (SpO2) < 90% on room air. Thoracic radiographies showed mixed pattern of bilateral pulmonary infiltration. The patients condition worsened with signs of respiratory failure, cyanosis and severe hemodynamic impairment. There was no improvement after administration of furosemide, hydrocortisone, vasoactives, supplemental oxygen and mechanical ventilation.[...](AU)

Phmetria Esofágica Em Cães / Esophageal Ph-Metry In Dogs / Ph-Metría Esofágica En Perros

A avaliação da phmetria esofágica é um método sensível e especifico para detectar a ocorrência de refluxo gastroesofágico, bem como sua frequência, duração e até mesmo determinar a origem. O conteúdo do refluxo gastroesofágico pode ter origem somente gástrica, duodenal ou de ambos, demonstrando características únicas em relação a valores ácido-base e graus de severidade diferentes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o valor do pH esofágico em cães anestesiados, e avaliar a ocorrência de episódios de refluxo gastroesofágico durante as intervenções cirúrgicas. Foram utilizados nove cães machos e fêmeas adultos saudáveis, com peso corporal médio de 15,0 ± 5,4 kg. A pHmetria esofágica foi realizada pela inserção de um cateter pela nasofaringe em 9 cães anestesiados com cetamina, midazolan e metadona; propofol e isoflurano, submetidos as intervenções de mastectomia, orquiectomia e ovariosalpingohisterectomia eletiva. Em nove cães que foram realizadas a passagem do cateter, apenas um animal submetido a ovariosalpingohisterectomia apresentou episódio de refluxo gastroesofágico; comprovado por esofagoscopia. A phmetria foi realizada até 180 minutos pós-anestesia, sem alterações significativas da mensuração do pH (P<0,05) em todos os tempos. Os animais foram acompanhados até 30 dias de pós-operatório sem sinais clínicos de esofagite. A média de todas as mensurações de pH foi de 6.229 +- 0.5245.(AU)

Esophageal pHmetry evaluation is a sensitive and specific method to detect gastroesophageal reflux, as weel as its frequency, duration, and origin. Gastroesophageal reflux content can be originated from stomach, duodenal or both, showing unique features of acid-base values and different severity degrees. The aim of this study was to stablish esophageal pH values in anesthetized dogs, and to evaluate the occurrence of gastroesophageal reflux episodes during surgical intervention. Were used 9 female and male healthy dogs, with mean body weight of 15.0 ±5.4 kg. Esophageal pHmetry was performed throght the insertion of a catheter on the nasopharinx in 9 dogs anesthetized with ketamine, midazolam, methadone, propofol e isoflurane, subject to mastectomy, orchiectomy and elective ovariosalpingohysterectomy. Of all 9 dogs in which the catheter was applied, only one animal, subject to ovariosalpingohysterectomy, has shown a gastroesophageal reflux episode, proved by esofagoscopy. pHmetry was performed until 180 minutes post-anesthesia, without significative changes on pH mesurement (P<0.05) at all times. The animals had follow ups until 30 days of post-operative with no clinical signs of esophagitis. The mean pH measurement was 6.222 ± 0.5245.(AU)

La evaluación del pHmetría esofágica es un método específico y sensible para detectar la aparición de reflujo gastroesofágico, así como su frecuencia, duración e incluso determinar el origen. El contenido del reflujo gastroesofágico puede tener origen sólo gástrica, duodenal, o ambos, demostrando características únicas con respecto a los valores de acido-base y distintos grados de severidad. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el valor del pH del esófago en perros anestesiados y evaluar la ocurrencia de episodios de reflujo gastroesofágico durante las intervenciones quirúrgicas. Fueron utilizados nueve perros adultos saludables, machos y hembras, con medio peso de 15.0 ± 5,4 kg. El monitoreo del pH esofágico fué realizado insertando un catéter a través de la nasofaringe en 9 perros anestesiados con ketamina, midazolam y metadona; propofol y isoflurane, sometidos a intervenciones de mastectomía, orquiectomía y ovariosalpingohisterectomia electiva. En los nueve perros que fueron hechos el paso del catéter, sólo 1 animal sometido a ovariosalpingohisterectomia presentó episodio de reflujo gastroesofágico; probado por esofagoscopia. El monitoreo del pH fue realizado en 180 minutos pós-anestesia, sin cambios significativos en la medición del pH (P < 0.05) en todos los tiempos. Los animales fueron acompañados hasta 30 días después de la quirugía sin signos clínicos de esofagitis. El promedio de todas las mediciones de pH fue de 6229 +- 0.5245.(AU)

Phmetria Esofágica Em Cães / Esophageal Ph-Metry In Dogs / Ph-Metría Esofágica En Perros

A avaliação da phmetria esofágica é um método sensível e especifico para detectar a ocorrência de refluxo gastroesofágico, bem como sua frequência, duração e até mesmo determinar a origem. O conteúdo do refluxo gastroesofágico pode ter origem somente gástrica, duodenal ou de ambos, demonstrando características únicas em relação a valores ácido-base e graus de severidade diferentes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o valor do pH esofágico em cães anestesiados, e avaliar a ocorrência de episódios de refluxo gastroesofágico durante as intervenções cirúrgicas. Foram utilizados nove cães machos e fêmeas adultos saudáveis, com peso corporal médio de 15,0 ± 5,4 kg. A pHmetria esofágica foi realizada pela inserção de um cateter pela nasofaringe em 9 cães anestesiados com cetamina, midazolan e metadona; propofol e isoflurano, submetidos as intervenções de mastectomia, orquiectomia e ovariosalpingohisterectomia eletiva. Em nove cães que foram realizadas a passagem do cateter, apenas um animal submetido a ovariosalpingohisterectomia apresentou episódio de refluxo gastroesofágico; comprovado por esofagoscopia. A phmetria foi realizada até 180 minutos pós-anestesia, sem alterações significativas da mensuração do pH (P<0,05) em todos os tempos. Os animais foram acompanhados até 30 dias de pós-operatório sem sinais clínicos de esofagite. A média de todas as mensurações de pH foi de 6.229 +- 0.5245.

Esophageal pHmetry evaluation is a sensitive and specific method to detect gastroesophageal reflux, as weel as its frequency, duration, and origin. Gastroesophageal reflux content can be originated from stomach, duodenal or both, showing unique features of acid-base values and different severity degrees. The aim of this study was to stablish esophageal pH values in anesthetized dogs, and to evaluate the occurrence of gastroesophageal reflux episodes during surgical intervention. Were used 9 female and male healthy dogs, with mean body weight of 15.0 ±5.4 kg. Esophageal pHmetry was performed throght the insertion of a catheter on the nasopharinx in 9 dogs anesthetized with ketamine, midazolam, methadone, propofol e isoflurane, subject to mastectomy, orchiectomy and elective ovariosalpingohysterectomy. Of all 9 dogs in which the catheter was applied, only one animal, subject to ovariosalpingohysterectomy, has shown a gastroesophageal reflux episode, proved by esofagoscopy. pHmetry was performed until 180 minutes post-anesthesia, without significative changes on pH mesurement (P<0.05) at all times. The animals had follow ups until 30 days of post-operative with no clinical signs of esophagitis. The mean pH measurement was 6.222 ± 0.5245.

La evaluación del pHmetría esofágica es un método específico y sensible para detectar la aparición de reflujo gastroesofágico, así como su frecuencia, duración e incluso determinar el origen. El contenido del reflujo gastroesofágico puede tener origen sólo gástrica, duodenal, o ambos, demostrando características únicas con respecto a los valores de acido-base y distintos grados de severidad. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el valor del pH del esófago en perros anestesiados y evaluar la ocurrencia de episodios de reflujo gastroesofágico durante las intervenciones quirúrgicas. Fueron utilizados nueve perros adultos saludables, machos y hembras, con medio peso de 15.0 ± 5,4 kg. El monitoreo del pH esofágico fué realizado insertando un catéter a través de la nasofaringe en 9 perros anestesiados con ketamina, midazolam y metadona; propofol y isoflurane, sometidos a intervenciones de mastectomía, orquiectomía y ovariosalpingohisterectomia electiva. En los nueve perros que fueron hechos el paso del catéter, sólo 1 animal sometido a ovariosalpingohisterectomia presentó episodio de reflujo gastroesofágico; probado por esofagoscopia. El monitoreo del pH fue realizado en 180 minutos pós-anestesia, sin cambios significativos en la medición del pH (P < 0.05) en todos los tiempos. Los animales fueron acompañados hasta 30 días después de la quirugía sin signos clínicos de esofagitis. El promedio de todas las mediciones de pH fue de 6229 +- 0.5245.

Criocirurgía: efectos y complicaciones después del tratamiento / Cryosurgery: effects and post treatment complications / Criocirurgia: efeitos e complicações pós-tratamento

Criocirugía, a menudo referido como criocirugía o crioablación, es una técnica quirúrgica que emplea sustancias a temperaturas criogénicas para destruir tejidos y células no deseadas, especialmente neoplásicas. La muerte celular se produce debido a los efectos a corto y largo plazo de la congelación y descongelación. En todos los métodos de tratamiento quirúrgico la complicación es inherente al procedimiento, y la criocirugía no es una excepción. Este estúdio tiene como objetivo presentar las reacciones y complicaciones post-tratamiento derivados de la aplicación de la criocirugía como tratamiento curativo, adyuvante o paliativo en perros y gatos. Muchoscambios se producen en el tejido tratado por criocirugía, lo que lleva a la destrucción de las lesiones de la piel, y la respuesta del tejido varía de acuerdo com la intensidad y la profundidad de la lesión criogénica. Algunas señales, que pueden ser interpretadas como "efectos secundarios" de la criocirugía, se consideran normales y esperados, ya que representan la progresión del proceso fisiológico de congelación del tejido. Algunos efectos inmediatos observados son dolor, hemorragia, insuflación por gas y edema; Los efectos a corto plazo son: formación de ampollas, infección, granuloma piógeno, y reacciones sistémicas como fiebre; Los efectos a largo plazo son: hiperplasia seudoepiteliomatosa, hiperpigmentación, leucodermia [...](AU)

Cryosurgery, as known as cryotherapy or cryoablation, is a surgical technique that use substances in cryogenic temperatures to destroy undesirable tissue and cells, mainly neoplastic. Cellular death occurs due to short and long term freezing and thawing effect. In all methods of surgical treatment, complications are inherent to procedure, and cryosurgery is no exception. This paper aims to show post-treatment reaction and complications of cryosurgery application as curative, adjuvant or palliative treatment in dogs and cats. Many changes occur on cryosurgical treated tissue, that leads to destruction of cutaneous lesion, and tissue response vary according to intensity and depth of cryogenic injury. Some signs, that may be interpreted as side effects of cryosurgery are expected and considered normal due to progression of freezing physiologic process. Some immediate effects are: pain, bleeding, inflation by gas and edema; short-term effects are: blistering formation, infection, pyogenic granuloma, and systemic reaction as fever; long-term effects are: pseudo-epiteliomatous hyperplasia, hyperpigmentation, leucodermia, nerve damage, coat changes, natural orifices stenosis due to scar retraction and cutaneous necrosis. Post-treatment effects depend of freezing technique, disease process, lesion size and individual response of the patient. Despite the side effects and complications [...](AU)

A criocirurgia, muitas vezes referida como crioterapia ou crioablação, é uma técnica cirúrgica que emprega substâncias em temperaturas criogênicas para destruir tecidos ou células indesejáveis, principalmente neoplásicas. A morte celular ocorre devido aos efeitos do congelamento e descongelamento, a curto e longo prazo. Em todos os métodos de tratamento cirúrgico a complicação é inerente ao procedimento e a criocirurgia não é exceção. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar as reações e complicações pós-tratamento decorrentes da aplicação da criocirurgia como tratamento curativo, adjuvante ou paliativo em cães e gatos. Muitas mudanças ocorrem no tecido tratado criocirurgicamente, que levam à destruição da lesão cutânea, e a resposta tecidual varia de acordo com a intensidade e profundidade da injúria criogênica. Alguns sinais, que podem ser interpretados como efeitos colaterais da criocirurgia, são esperados e considerados normais porque representam a progressão do processo fisiológico do congelamento do tecido. Alguns efeitos imediatos observados são: dor, hemorragia, insuflação pelo gás e edema; efeitos a curto prazo: formação de bolhas, infecção, granuloma piogênico, e reações sistêmicas, como febre; efeitos a longo prazo: hiperplasia pseudoepiteliomatosa, hiperpigmentação, leucodermia, danos a nervos, alteração nos pelos, estenose de orifícios naturais devido a [...](AU)

Primary surgical repair of prostatic urethral rupture following multiple pelvic fracture in a dog

Abdominal urethral rupture commonly occurs in male dogs after traumatic pelvic fractures and can lead to uroperitoneum, causing peritonitis and azotemia. The primary complications of urethral damage include strictures, incontinence and innervation injury. Here, we describe a case report of prostatic urethral rupture, treated by primary suture repair, that yielded early healing and recovery in a ten-year-old, male, mixed-breed dog who visited our facility within 24 hours of being struck by a car. Positive contrast urethrocystography resulted in leakage of the contrast medium into the abdominal cavity in a point caudal to the urinary bladder. Additional radiography revealed multiple pelvic fractures. During surgery, we found a laceration of the right prostatic lobe causing urethral rupture. We performed a full thickness simple continue suture with 7-0 polyglactin 910 to reestablish urethral continuity. The prostate capsule was also sutured in a simple continue pattern. A previously placed indwelling urinary catheter was kept inside to divert urine flow. On the third postoperative day, the animal withdrew the urinary catheter and started to urinate by himself. The conservative treatment of pelvic fractures enabled complete return to function on the 55th day. One hundred and fifty days after the trauma, no evidence of urinary stricture or another clinical sign was observed. Urethral wounds can be treated surgically by primary suturing and urinary diversion. A short healing time was experienced, and the indwelling urinary catheter was removed three days after surgery since there was no more urine leakage and the animal began voiding normally.(AU)

Criocirurgía: efectos y complicaciones después del tratamiento / Cryosurgery: effects and post treatment complications / Criocirurgia: efeitos e complicações pós-tratamento

Criocirugía, a menudo referido como criocirugía o crioablación, es una técnica quirúrgica que emplea sustancias a temperaturas criogénicas para destruir tejidos y células no deseadas, especialmente neoplásicas. La muerte celular se produce debido a los efectos a corto y largo plazo de la congelación y descongelación. En todos los métodos de tratamiento quirúrgico la complicación es inherente al procedimiento, y la criocirugía no es una excepción. Este estúdio tiene como objetivo presentar las reacciones y complicaciones post-tratamiento derivados de la aplicación de la criocirugía como tratamiento curativo, adyuvante o paliativo en perros y gatos. Muchoscambios se producen en el tejido tratado por criocirugía, lo que lleva a la destrucción de las lesiones de la piel, y la respuesta del tejido varía de acuerdo com la intensidad y la profundidad de la lesión criogénica. Algunas señales, que pueden ser interpretadas como "efectos secundarios" de la criocirugía, se consideran normales y esperados, ya que representan la progresión del proceso fisiológico de congelación del tejido. Algunos efectos inmediatos observados son dolor, hemorragia, insuflación por gas y edema; Los efectos a corto plazo son: formación de ampollas, infección, granuloma piógeno, y reacciones sistémicas como fiebre; Los efectos a largo plazo son: hiperplasia seudoepiteliomatosa, hiperpigmentación, leucodermia [...]

Cryosurgery, as known as cryotherapy or cryoablation, is a surgical technique that use substances in cryogenic temperatures to destroy undesirable tissue and cells, mainly neoplastic. Cellular death occurs due to short and long term freezing and thawing effect. In all methods of surgical treatment, complications are inherent to procedure, and cryosurgery is no exception. This paper aims to show post-treatment reaction and complications of cryosurgery application as curative, adjuvant or palliative treatment in dogs and cats. Many changes occur on cryosurgical treated tissue, that leads to destruction of cutaneous lesion, and tissue response vary according to intensity and depth of cryogenic injury. Some signs, that may be interpreted as side effects of cryosurgery are expected and considered normal due to progression of freezing physiologic process. Some immediate effects are: pain, bleeding, inflation by gas and edema; short-term effects are: blistering formation, infection, pyogenic granuloma, and systemic reaction as fever; long-term effects are: pseudo-epiteliomatous hyperplasia, hyperpigmentation, leucodermia, nerve damage, coat changes, natural orifices stenosis due to scar retraction and cutaneous necrosis. Post-treatment effects depend of freezing technique, disease process, lesion size and individual response of the patient. Despite the side effects and complications [...]

A criocirurgia, muitas vezes referida como crioterapia ou crioablação, é uma técnica cirúrgica que emprega substâncias em temperaturas criogênicas para destruir tecidos ou células indesejáveis, principalmente neoplásicas. A morte celular ocorre devido aos efeitos do congelamento e descongelamento, a curto e longo prazo. Em todos os métodos de tratamento cirúrgico a complicação é inerente ao procedimento e a criocirurgia não é exceção. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar as reações e complicações pós-tratamento decorrentes da aplicação da criocirurgia como tratamento curativo, adjuvante ou paliativo em cães e gatos. Muitas mudanças ocorrem no tecido tratado criocirurgicamente, que levam à destruição da lesão cutânea, e a resposta tecidual varia de acordo com a intensidade e profundidade da injúria criogênica. Alguns sinais, que podem ser interpretados como efeitos colaterais da criocirurgia, são esperados e considerados normais porque representam a progressão do processo fisiológico do congelamento do tecido. Alguns efeitos imediatos observados são: dor, hemorragia, insuflação pelo gás e edema; efeitos a curto prazo: formação de bolhas, infecção, granuloma piogênico, e reações sistêmicas, como febre; efeitos a longo prazo: hiperplasia pseudoepiteliomatosa, hiperpigmentação, leucodermia, danos a nervos, alteração nos pelos, estenose de orifícios naturais devido a [...]

Primary surgical repair of prostatic urethral rupture following multiple pelvic fracture in a dog

Abdominal urethral rupture commonly occurs in male dogs after traumatic pelvic fractures and can lead to uroperitoneum, causing peritonitis and azotemia. The primary complications of urethral damage include strictures, incontinence and innervation injury. Here, we describe a case report of prostatic urethral rupture, treated by primary suture repair, that yielded early healing and recovery in a ten-year-old, male, mixed-breed dog who visited our facility within 24 hours of being struck by a car. Positive contrast urethrocystography resulted in leakage of the contrast medium into the abdominal cavity in a point caudal to the urinary bladder. Additional radiography revealed multiple pelvic fractures. During surgery, we found a laceration of the right prostatic lobe causing urethral rupture. We performed a full thickness simple continue suture with 7-0 polyglactin 910 to reestablish urethral continuity. The prostate capsule was also sutured in a simple continue pattern. A previously placed indwelling urinary catheter was kept inside to divert urine flow. On the third postoperative day, the animal withdrew the urinary catheter and started to urinate by himself. The conservative treatment of pelvic fractures enabled complete return to function on the 55th day. One hundred and fifty days after the trauma, no evidence of urinary stricture or another clinical sign was observed. Urethral wounds can be treated surgically by primary suturing and urinary diversion. A short healing time was experienced, and the indwelling urinary catheter was removed three days after surgery since there was no more urine leakage and the animal began voiding normally.

Partial obstruction of the small intestine by a trichobezoar in a dog

Background: Bezoars are accumulations of foreign material and indigestible organic substances in the gastrointestinal tract. There are different classifications for bezoars based on its primary composition. The trichobezoars are concretions composed of hair or hair-like fibers and are often associated with trichophagia in humans. The obstruction by a trichobezoar occurring in the stomach, with its tail extending to or beyond the ileocecal valve or jejunum is rare in humans. This condition is called Rapunzel Syndrome. Obstruction by trichobezoar has been reported few times in cats and dogs. This paper aims to describe an uncommon clinical presentation of a young dog with partial obstruction of the small intestine by a trichobezoar. Case: A 2-year-old, 5.5 kg, intact male poodle was referred due to kyphosis and a history of pain in the thoracolumbar region for approximately 10 months. Physical examination revealed that the dog walked without any difficulty or ataxia, but had pain on palpation of the lumbar vertebral column. Thoracolumbar spine radiographies failed to show any sign of disease. Conservative therapy for intervertebral disk disease did not shown any improvement. In addition, the dog showed signs of pain on abdominal palpation and 18-month history of hyporexia, apathy and dark colored diarrhea. Abdominal ultrasonography detected a 5-cm intraluminal intestinal structure at the ileo-jejunal junction, forming an acoustic shadow, with focal thickening of the intestinal wall. Exploratory celiotomy followed by jejunal enterotomy revealed a trichobezoar consisting of undigested hair and textile fibers partially obstructing that segment. The intestinal wall in that region formed a sacculation, so a 5 cm jejunal resection with end-to-end anastomosis was performed. Histopathology of this segment did not show any neoplastic formation. After 20 days of surgical procedure, no clinical […](AU)

Partial obstruction of the small intestine by a trichobezoar in a dog

Background: Bezoars are accumulations of foreign material and indigestible organic substances in the gastrointestinal tract. There are different classifications for bezoars based on its primary composition. The trichobezoars are concretions composed of hair or hair-like fibers and are often associated with trichophagia in humans. The obstruction by a trichobezoar occurring in the stomach, with its tail extending to or beyond the ileocecal valve or jejunum is rare in humans. This condition is called Rapunzel Syndrome. Obstruction by trichobezoar has been reported few times in cats and dogs. This paper aims to describe an uncommon clinical presentation of a young dog with partial obstruction of the small intestine by a trichobezoar. Case: A 2-year-old, 5.5 kg, intact male poodle was referred due to kyphosis and a history of pain in the thoracolumbar region for approximately 10 months. Physical examination revealed that the dog walked without any difficulty or ataxia, but had pain on palpation of the lumbar vertebral column. Thoracolumbar spine radiographies failed to show any sign of disease. Conservative therapy for intervertebral disk disease did not shown any improvement. In addition, the dog showed signs of pain on abdominal palpation and 18-month history of hyporexia, apathy and dark colored diarrhea. Abdominal ultrasonography detected a 5-cm intraluminal intestinal structure at the ileo-jejunal junction, forming an acoustic shadow, with focal thickening of the intestinal wall. Exploratory celiotomy followed by jejunal enterotomy revealed a trichobezoar consisting of undigested hair and textile fibers partially obstructing that segment. The intestinal wall in that region formed a sacculation, so a 5 cm jejunal resection with end-to-end anastomosis was performed. Histopathology of this segment did not show any neoplastic formation. After 20 days of surgical procedure, no clinical […]

Vulvar lymphangiosarcoma in a bitch

Background: Lymphangiosarcoma (LSA) is a rare, highly malignant and infiltrative neoplasm of the lymphatic endothelium of dogs and cats. It is mostly reported in medium to large breed dogs, over 5-year-old, with no sexual predisposition. Affected animals present fluctuating and diffuse swelling, covering both dermis and subcutaneous tissue, spreading through lymphatic and haematic vessels. Histologically, LSA is characterized by connected channels devoid of conspicuous haematic elements. Treatment depends on location of the neoplasm, staging, and possibility of curative surgical excision. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy can increase survival time. In this report, we describe a rare case of vulvar LSA in a dog. This is the first Brazilian report of LSA in dogs so far.Case: A 3-year-old, female, mixed breed dog was presented for evaluation of vesicle-bullous lesions in the vulvar and perivulvar region with progressive growth along 6 month. Histopathology revealed neoplastic proliferation in the superficial dermis, advancing through the profound dermis. The histological lesion pattern was consistent with angiosarcoma, which united along with macroscopic pattern of the tumor, and the presence of multiple anastomosed vascular structures without erythrocytes within it at microscopy, was compatible with LSA. No evidence of metastasis or lymphadenopathy was found on survey radiography and ultrasound. We performed a surgical excision, and remaining wound was reconstructed with an advancement skin flap. Despite wide surgical resection, neoplastic cells could be found in surgical borders, as well as a metastatic inguinal lymph node. Postoperative chemotherapy based on doxorubicin as a single agent was administrated. Disease free interval (DFI) was one month after surgery, when small bullous lesions were observed near the surgical site, and histopathological exam confirmed LSA...

Vulvar lymphangiosarcoma in a bitch

Background: Lymphangiosarcoma (LSA) is a rare, highly malignant and infiltrative neoplasm of the lymphatic endothelium of dogs and cats. It is mostly reported in medium to large breed dogs, over 5-year-old, with no sexual predisposition. Affected animals present fluctuating and diffuse swelling, covering both dermis and subcutaneous tissue, spreading through lymphatic and haematic vessels. Histologically, LSA is characterized by connected channels devoid of conspicuous haematic elements. Treatment depends on location of the neoplasm, staging, and possibility of curative surgical excision. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy can increase survival time. In this report, we describe a rare case of vulvar LSA in a dog. This is the first Brazilian report of LSA in dogs so far.Case: A 3-year-old, female, mixed breed dog was presented for evaluation of vesicle-bullous lesions in the vulvar and perivulvar region with progressive growth along 6 month. Histopathology revealed neoplastic proliferation in the superficial dermis, advancing through the profound dermis. The histological lesion pattern was consistent with angiosarcoma, which united along with macroscopic pattern of the tumor, and the presence of multiple anastomosed vascular structures without erythrocytes within it at microscopy, was compatible with LSA. No evidence of metastasis or lymphadenopathy was found on survey radiography and ultrasound. We performed a surgical excision, and remaining wound was reconstructed with an advancement skin flap. Despite wide surgical resection, neoplastic cells could be found in surgical borders, as well as a metastatic inguinal lymph node. Postoperative chemotherapy based on doxorubicin as a single agent was administrated. Disease free interval (DFI) was one month after surgery, when small bullous lesions were observed near the surgical site, and histopathological exam confirmed LSA...(AU)