Vagus nerve stimulation in clinical practice.

The diverse array of end organ innervations of the vagus nerve, coupled with increased basic science evidence, has led to vagus nerve stimulation becoming a management option in a number of clinical disorders. This review discusses methods of electrically stimulating the vagus nerve and its current and potential clinical uses.

Biliary Hamartoma.

Biliary hamartoma or von Mayenburg complex (VMCs) is a rare benign congenital malformation of the biliary duct. Patients are usually asymptomatic. Hepatic lesions are incidentally discovered on ultrasonography (US) and subsequent radiological methods are necessary for confirmation. A correct diagnosis is established when typical imaging findings are present, otherwise histological confirmation might be needed.