Pyriproxyfen and the microcephaly epidemic in Brazil - an ecological approach to explore the hypothesis of their association.

The microcephaly epidemic in Brazil generated intense debate regarding its causality, and one hypothesised cause of this epidemic, now recognised as congenital Zika virus syndrome, was the treatment of drinking water tanks with pyriproxyfen to control Aedes aegypti larvae. We present the results of a geographical analysis of the association between the prevalence of microcephaly confirmed by Fenton growth charts and the type of larvicide used in the municipalities that were home to the mothers of the affected newborns in the metropolitan region of Recife in Pernambuco, the state in Brazil where the epidemic was first detected. The overall prevalence of microcephaly was 82 per 10,000 live births in the three municipalities that used the larvicide Bti (Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis) instead of pyriproxyfen, and 69 per 10,000 live births in the eleven municipalities that used pyriproxyfen. The difference was not statistically significant. Our results show that the prevalence of microcephaly was not higher in the areas in which pyriproxyfen was used. In this ecological approach, there was no evidence of a correlation between the use of pyriproxyfen in the municipalities and the microcephaly epidemic.

Hepatotoxicity during Treatment for Tuberculosis in People Living with HIV/AIDS.

Hepatotoxicity is frequently reported as an adverse reaction during the treatment of tuberculosis. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of hepatotoxicity and to identify predictive factors for developing hepatotoxicity after people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) start treatment for tuberculosis. This was a prospective cohort study with PLWHA who were monitored during the first 60 days of tuberculosis treatment in Pernambuco, Brazil. Hepatotoxicity was considered increased levels of aminotransferase, namely those that rose to three times higher than the level before initiating tuberculosis treatment, these levels being associated with symptoms of hepatitis. We conducted a multivariate logistic regression analysis and the magnitude of the associations was expressed by the odds ratio with a confidence interval of 95%. Hepatotoxicity was observed in 53 (30.6%) of the 173 patients who started tuberculosis treatment. The final multivariate logistic regression model demonstrated that the use of fluconazole, malnutrition and the subject being classified as a phenotypically slow acetylator increased the risk of hepatotoxicity significantly. The incidence of hepatotoxicity during treatment for tuberculosis in PLWHA was high. Those classified as phenotypically slow acetylators and as malnourished should be targeted for specific care to reduce the risk of hepatotoxicity during treatment for tuberculosis. The use of fluconazole should be avoided during tuberculosis treatment in PLWHA.

Microcephaly in Pernambuco State, Brazil: epidemiological characteristics and evaluation of the diagnostic accuracy of cutoff points for reporting suspected cases. / Microcefalia no Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil: características epidemiológicas e avaliação da acurácia diagnóstica dos pontos de corte adotados para notificação de caso.

The increase in the number of reported cases of microcephaly in Pernambuco State, and Northeast Brazil, characterized an epidemic that led the Brazilian Ministry of Health to declare a national public health emergency. The Brazilian Ministry of Health initially defined suspected cases as newborns with gestational age (GA) ≥ 37 weeks and head circumference (HC) ≤ 33cm, but in December 2015 this cutoff was lowered to 32cm. The current study aimed to estimate the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of different cutoff points for HC, using ROC curves, with the Fenton and Intergrowth (2014) curves as the gold standard. The study described cases reported in Pernambuco from August 8 to November 28, 2015, according to sex and GA categories. The Fenton and Intergrowth methods provide HC growth curves according to GA and sex, and microcephaly is defined as a newborn with HC below the 3rd percentile in these distributions. Of the 684 reported cases, 599 were term or post-term neonates. For these, the analyses with ROC curves show that according to the Fenton criterion the cutoff point with the largest area under the ROC curve, with sensitivity greater than specificity, is 32cm for both sexes. Using the Intergrowth method and following the same criteria, the cutoff points are 32cm and 31.5cm for males and females, respectively. The cutoff point identified by the Fenton method (32cm) coincided with the Brazilian Ministry of Health recommendation. Adopting Intergrowth as the standard, the choice would be 32cm for males and 31.5cm for females. The study identified the need to conduct critical and on-going analyses to evaluate cutoff points, including other characteristics for microcephaly case definition.

Body mass index in individuals with HIV infection and factors associated with thinness and overweight/obesity.

A cross-sectional study was conducted using body mass index (BMI) to estimate the prevalence of thinness and overweight/obesity and associated factors in 2,018 individuals with HIV/AIDS attending health services referral centers. The dependent variable was classified as thinness, overweight/obesity and eutrophy. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were performed considering eutrophy as the reference level. The prevalence of thinness was 8.8% and of overweight/obesity, 32.1%. The variables associated with thinness were anemia and CD4 cell count < 200mm³. The variables associated with risk of overweight/obesity were age > 40 years and diabetes, and the variables identified as decreasing likelihood of overweight/obesity were having no long-term partner, smoking, presence of an opportunistic disease, anemia, and albumin levels < 3.5mg/dL. The main nutritional problem observed in this population was overweight and obesity, which were much more prevalent than thinness. Older individuals with diabetes should be targeted for nutritional interventions and lifestyle changes.

Body mass index in individuals with HIV infection and factors associated with thinness and overweight/obesity / Índice de massa corporal em indivíduos com infecção pelo HIV e fatores associados com magreza e sobrepeso/obesidade

A cross-sectional study was conducted using body mass index (BMI) to estimate the prevalence of thinness and overweight/obesity and associated factors in 2,018 individuals with HIV/AIDS attending health services referral centers. The dependent variable was classified as thinness, overweight/obesity and eutrophy. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were performed considering eutrophy as the reference level. The prevalence of thinness was 8.8 percent and of overweight/obesity, 32.1 percent. The variables associated with thinness were anemia and CD4 cell count < 200mm³. The variables associated with risk of overweight/obesity were age > 40 years and diabetes, and the variables identified as decreasing likelihood of overweight/obesity were having no long-term partner, smoking, presence of an opportunistic disease, anemia, and albumin levels < 3.5mg/dL. The main nutritional problem observed in this population was overweight and obesity, which were much more prevalent than thinness. Older individuals with diabetes should be targeted for nutritional interventions and lifestyle changes.

Estudo seccional para estimar a prevalência de magreza e sobrepeso/obesidade e fatores associados em 2.018 indivíduos com HIV/AIDS, atendidos em serviços de referência em Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil, utilizando o índice de massa corporal. A variável dependente foi classificada como magreza, sobrepeso/obesidade e eutrofia. Realizou-se análise de regressão logística multinomial considerando-se como referência os eutróficos. A prevalência de magreza foi de 8,8 por cento e a de sobrepeso/obesidade de 32,1 por cento. Permaneceram associados à magreza ter anemia e contagem de células TCD4 < 200mm³. Os fatores associados à maior chance de sobrepeso/obesidade foram: idade > 40 anos e presença de diabetes, e aqueles inversamente associados com sobrepeso/obesidade: não ter companheiro fixo, tabagismo, história recente de doença oportunista, anemia e níveis de albumina < 3,5mg/dL. O principal desvio nutricional observado foi o sobrepeso/obesidade, superando a magreza. Os indivíduos mais velhos com diabetes devem ser alvos de intervenções nutricionais e de estilo de vida.

Análise da demanda de casos de hanseníase aos serviços de saúde através do uso de técnicas de análise espacial / Spatial analysis of leprosy cases treated at public health care facilities in Brazil

O desafio para redução da prevalência da Hanseníase, endemia de grande importância no cenário brasileiro, tem se fundamentado na descentralização para os serviços de atenção básica. Descreveu-se inicialmente a estruturação e a oferta dos serviços para o atendimento de casos de hanseníase. Em seguida analisou-se a evolução dos indicadores epidemiológicos e operacionais, tomando como referência os períodos pré e pós a municipalização. Por fim, a análise espacial permitiu identificar a distribuição territorial da ocorrência da endemia e analisar o padrão de áreas geográficas construídas segundo o atendimento pelas unidades de saúde e sua evolução. A partir da localização geográfica dos centróides dos setores censitários de residência, e usando técnica de alisamento espacial, com base na estimativa de Kernel, foram construídas áreas de domínio de atendimentos de cada unidade. Após a municipalização, observa-se aumento da detecção e tratamento pelo município, reduzindo a evasão a outros municípios, mudanças no comportamento da demanda, com aumento da clientela referida no uso dos serviços, e alterações importantes nos indicadores epidemiológicos e operacionais.

Hansen disease or leprosy is a major endemic disease in Brazil. Well-designed strategies, including decentralization of basic care, are needed to reduce its prevalence. The article begins by describing the structure and supply of services for treating leprosy cases in the country, after which it analyzes the trends in epidemiological and operational indicators, comparing the periods before and after decentralization of services to the municipal (local) level. Finally, spatial analysis allowed identifying the territorial distribution of this endemic and analyzing the pattern of geographic areas according to care provided by health facilities and its evolution. Based on the location of the geographic centers in the census tracts by place of residence, and using spatial smoothing technique based on Kernel estimation, the study constructed domain areas of care for each health facility or unit. Following municipalization of care, there was an increase in the detection and treatment by the municipalities themselves, reducing patient evasion to neighboring counties and causing changes in demand trends, with an increase in use of services by the clientele and important alterations in the epidemiological and operational indicators.

[Spatial analysis of leprosy cases treated at public health care facilities in Brazil]. / Análise da demanda de casos de hanseníase aos serviços de saúde através do uso de técnicas de análise espacial.

Hansen disease or leprosy is a major endemic disease in Brazil. Well-designed strategies, including decentralization of basic care, are needed to reduce its prevalence. The article begins by describing the structure and supply of services for treating leprosy cases in the country, after which it analyzes the trends in epidemiological and operational indicators, comparing the periods before and after decentralization of services to the municipal (local) level. Finally, spatial analysis allowed identifying the territorial distribution of this endemic and analyzing the pattern of geographic areas according to care provided by health facilities and its evolution. Based on the location of the geographic centers in the census tracts by place of residence, and using spatial smoothing technique based on Kernel estimation, the study constructed domain areas of care for each health facility or unit. Following municipalization of care, there was an increase in the detection and treatment by the municipalities themselves, reducing patient evasion to neighboring counties and causing changes in demand trends, with an increase in use of services by the clientele and important alterations in the epidemiological and operational indicators.

A produção do conhecimento científico e as políticas de saúde pública: reflexões a partir da ocorrência da filariose na cidade do Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil

O artigo, publicado originalmente na revista Cadernos de Saúde Pública, discute a relação entre a produção científica sobre a ocorrência da filariose bancroftiana no Brasil e o processo de formulação e implementação da política de saúde voltada ao seu controle. Para tanto, realiza uma revisão da produção do conhecimento e das políticas específicas, no período compreendido desde a criação do Programa de Combate à Filariose , em meados do século passado, até a criação do SUS, no marco da descentralização do controle das endemias. Centrando suas observações empíricas na ambiência da cidade do Recife. Arquivo em PDF. Requer o Adobe Acrobat Reader

Avaliação de indicador sócio-ambiental utilizado no rastreamento de áreas de tansmissão de filariose linfática em espaços urbanos

O artigo narra um estudo realizado no Município de Olinda, Pernambuco, em áreas com diferentes riscos de transmissão da filariose bancroftiana. Após um mapeamento da área a ser avaliada, foram identificados todos os moradores com idade entre 5 e 65 anos para realização de um inquérito parasitológico. Arquivo em PDF. Requer o Adobe Acrobat Reader

[Violence clusters in Pernambuco, Brazil]. / Conglomerados de violência em Pernambuco, Brasil.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the spatial distribution of homicide mortality rates among males 15 to 49 years old in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil, for the periods of 1980 to 1984 and 1995 to 1998, and to identify violence clusters. METHODS: Mortality data were obtained from the Brazilian Ministry of Health's Mortality Information System. The mean homicide mortality rate was estimated for each municipality in the state for the two periods. The Moran coefficient was calculated to determine spatial autocorrelation. (The Moran coefficient ranges from -1 to +1, with a positive coefficient indicating a cluster of similar values, and a negative coefficient indicating adjacent dissimilar values.) To identify clusters of municipalities with either high or low homicide mortality rates, the local indicator of spatial association (LISA) was used. Finally, a Moran map was constructed to identify municipalities with statistically significant LISA values and to identify clusters of municipalities with either high or low homicide mortality rates. RESULTS: The Moran coefficient for 1980-1984 was 0.392, and for 1995-1998 it was 0.291 (P < 0.001). In the 1980-1984 period, one cluster of high homicide mortality rates was found in the Mata Sul region of the state, close to the metropolitan region of the state capital, Recife. In the 1995-1998 period, two violence clusters were identified: a predominantly urban one in the Recife metropolitan region, and the other in the state interior, in an area known as the "Marijuana Polygon" (Polígono da Maconha). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that the violence clusters are not the result of the socioeconomic conditions per se, but rather the consequence of the interaction between poor economic conditions and drug trafficking.

[Systemic hypertension at emergency units. The use of symptomatic drugs as choice for management]. / Hipertensão arterial sistêmica no setor de emergência. O uso de medicamentos sintomáticos como alternativa de tratamento.

OBJECTIVE: Compare the therapeutic response of symptomatic, hypertensive patients to symptomatic medication or anti-hypertensive drugs at the Emergency Unit. METHODS: A randomized, blind clinical trial involving 100 (one hundred) patients assisted at the Cardiology Emergency Unit at Oswaldo Cruz University Hospital (HUOC). All patients reported symptoms associated to systolic pressure (SBP) between 180 and 200 mmHg and/or diastolic pressure (DBP) between 110 and 120 mmHg. Patients were randomized for treatment with symptomatic (dipirone or diazepan) or anti-hipertensive drug (captopril). Those reporting any associated clinical condition and in need of immediate treatment at the Emergency Unit were excluded from the study. Patients reporting no symptoms, and systolic pressure reduced to levels under 180 mmHg and diastolic pressure under 110 mmHg after the 90-minute period were considered as having met discharge criteria. RESULTS: Mean age of population studied was 54.4 years old, most commonly females. Patients were chronic hypertensive, on irregular pharmacological treatment, with low compliance to non-pharmacologic actions, and classified as overweight and obese grade I. Headache, type D (non-angina) chest pain, and dyspnea were the most frequent complaints. The number of patients treated with symptomatic drug who reached discharge criteria was similar to that of patients treated with anti-hypertensive (p=0.165). No association was found between previous high blood pressure (HBP) diagnosis (p=0.192), pharmacological treatment (p=0.687), and non-pharmacological treatment and discharge criteria. CONCLUSION: Blood pressure (BP) was reduced below levels for discharge criteria for a (non-significant) higher rate of patients treated with symptomatic drug, who were turned into asymptomatic after the observation period.

Hipertensão arterial sistêmica no setor de emergência: o uso de medicamentos sintomáticos como alternativa de tratamento / Systemic hypertension at emergency units: the use of symptomatic drugs as choice for management

OBJETIVO: Comparar a resposta terapêutica dos pacientes atendidos no Setor de Emergência com sintomas e pressão arterial (PA) elevada, ao tratamento com medicacão sintomática ou anti-hipertensiva. MÉTODOS: Ensaio clínico randomizado, cego, envolvendo 100 pacientes atendidos na Emergência Cardiológica do Hospital Universitário Oswaldo Cruz com sintomas associados à pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) entre 180 e 200 mmHg e/ou pressão arterial diastólica (PAD) entre 110 e 120 mmHg. Os pacientes foram randomizados para tratamento com medicacão sintomática (dipirona ou diazepam) ou anti-hipertensiva (captopril). Aqueles portadores de qualquer condicão clínica associada, que necessitassem de tratamento imediato na Unidade de Emergência, foram excluídos do estudo. Atingiram o critério de alta os pacientes que, ao final do período de observacão de noventa minutos, tornaram-se assintomáticos e tiveram seus níveis tensionais sistólicos reduzidos para abaixo de 180 mmHg e diastólicos para aquém de 110 mmHg. RESULTADOS: A idade média da populacão estudada foi 54,4 anos. A maioria dos pacientes era do sexo feminino, hipertensos crônicos em tratamento farmacológico irregular, com baixa taxa de aderência às medidas não farmacológicas e classificados quanto ao índice de massa corpórea (IMC), em sobrepeso e obesos grau I. Cefaléia, dor torácica tipo D (não anginosa) e dispnéia foram as queixas mais freqüentes. A proporcão de pacientes tratados com medicacão sintomática que atingiu o critério de alta foi semelhante àquela de pacientes medicados com anti-hipertensivo (p=0,165). Não foi encontrada associacão entre o diagnóstico prévio de hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) (p=0,192), tratamento farmacológico (p=0,687) e não-farmacológico e o critério de alta. CONCLUSAO: Uma maior proporcão (não significativa) de pacientes tratados com medicacão sintomática obtiveram reducão da PA aquém dos níveis estabelecidos no critério de alta e tornaram-se assintomáticos após o período de observacão.

Conglomerados de violência em Pernambuco, Brasil / Violence clusters in Pernambuco, Brazil

OBJETIVO: Analisar o padrão espacial das taxas de mortalidade por homicídio em homens com idade de 15 a 49 anos no Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil, nos períodos de 1980 a 1984 e de 1995 a 1998, e identificar conglomerados de violência. MÉTODOS: Os dados sobre mortalidade foram obtidos junto ao Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade do Ministério da Saúde. A média das taxas de mortalidade por homicídio foi estimada por município para os dois períodos. O coeficiente de Moran, que varia de - 1 a + 1, foi calculado para explorar a dependência espacial. Um coeficiente positivo indica um conglomerado de valores semelhantes, enquanto que um coeficiente negativo indica a adjacência de valores dessemelhantes. Para localizar os conglomerados de municípios com taxas de homicídio altas e baixas, foi utilizado o indicador local de autocorrelação espacial (LISA). Por último, foi construído o mapa de Moran, que permite identificar os municípios com LISA estatisticamente significativo e, ao mesmo tempo, pode revelar se o agrupamento de municípios tem taxas de homicídio altas ou baixas. RESULTADOS: Os resultados do coeficiente de Moran para os períodos investigados apresentaram valores positivos (0,392 e 0,291, respectivamente) e altamente significativos (P < 0,001). Comparando-se os dois períodos analisados através do mapa de Moran, foi possível observar, no primeiro período, um conglomerado de altas taxas de homicídios predominante na Região da Mata Sul, próxima à Região Metropolitana. No segundo, foram identificados dois conglomerados, um predominantemente urbano, situado na Região Metropolitana, e outro no interior do Estado, no chamado Polígono da Maconha. CONCLUSÕES: O estudo sugere que não são exatamente as condições socioeconômicas as responsáveis pelos conglomerados de homicídios, mas sim a sua associação com o tráfico e o comércio ilícito de drogas.

[Spatial analysis of socioeconomic determinants of homicide in Brazil]. / Análise espacial dos determinantes socioeconômicos dos homicídios no Estado de Pernambuco.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between homicide rates and socio-economic variables taking into account the spatial site of the indicators. METHODS: An ecological study was conducted. The dependent variable was the rate of homicides among the male population aged 15 to 49 years, residing in the districts of the State of Pernambuco from 1995 to 1998. The independent variables were an index of the living conditions, per capita family income, Theil inequality index, Gini index, average income of the head of the family, poverty index, rate of illiteracy, and demographic density. The following techniques were used in the analysis: a spatial autocorrelation test determined by the Moran index, multiple linear regression, a spatial regression model (CAR) and a generalized additive model for the detection of spatial trend (LOESS). RESULTS: The illiteracy and the poverty index explained 24.6% of the total variability of the homicide rates and there was an inverse relationship. Moran's I statistics indicated spatial autocorrelation between municipalities. The multiple linear regression model best fitted for the purposes of this study was the Conditional Auto Regressive (CAR) model. The latter confirmed the association between the poverty index, illiteracy and homicide rates. CONCLUSIONS: The inverse association observed between socio-economic indicators and homicides may be expressing a process that propitiates improvement in living conditions and that is linked predominantly to conditions that generate violence, such as drug traffic.

Análise espacial dos determinantes socioeconômicos dos homicídios no estado de Pernambuco / Spatial analysis of socioeconomic determinants of homicide in Brazil

OBJETIVO: Investigar a associação entre variáveis socioeconômicas e taxas de homicídio, considerando a localização espacial dos indicadores. MÉTODOS: Utilizou-se o método de estudo ecológico. A variável dependente foi taxa de homicídio da população masculina de 15 a 49 anos, residente nos municípios do Estado de Pernambuco, em 1995 a 1998. As variáveis independentes referem-se a: índice de condições de vida, renda familiar per capita, desigualdade de Theil, índice de Gini, renda média do chefe de família, índice de pobreza, taxa de analfabetismo, densidade demográfica.Utilizou-se teste de correlação espacial determinado pelo índice de Moran, regressão múltipla, Conditional Auto Regressive (CAR) e a função Loess, como modelo de detecção de tendência especial. RESULTADOS: Os indicadores taxa de analfabetismo e índice de pobreza explicaram 24,6 por cento da variabilidade total das taxas de homicídio, cuja associação foi inversa. O índice de Moran revelou autocorrelação espacial entre os municípios. O modelo de regressão espacial que melhor se adequou ao estudo foi o CAR, que confirmou a associação entre índice de pobreza, analfabetismo e homicídio. CONCLUSÕES: A relação inversa observada entre os indicadores socioeconômicos e homicídios pode expressar determinado processo que propicia melhoria das condições de vida, e está atrelado predominantemente a condições geradoras de violência, como a do tráfico de drogas.

[Scientific knowledge and public health policies: reflections on the occurrence of filariasis in Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil]. / A produção do conhecimento científico e as políticas de saúde pública: reflexões a partir da ocorrência da filariose na cidade do Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil.

This article discusses the relationship between the production of scientific knowledge on filariasis in Brazil and health policy-making and implementation related to control of the disease. The study presents a review of scientific output on filariasis from the creation of the Program to Combat Filariasis in the mid-20th century until the creation of the Unified National Health System (SUS) within the framework of decentralized control of endemic diseases in the country. The focus on empirical observations in Recife, a city where filariasis is present, highlights the relevant institutional processes and the role of various players. The hypothesis is that in the first half of the 20th century there was a lack of scientific knowledge and technological development to control the problem, but that after these advances were obtained, new requirements of a political nature came into play and acted as determinants for persistence of the endemic in the city.

A produção do conhecimento científico e as políticas de saúde pública: reflexões a partir da ocorrência da filariose na cidade do Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil / Scientific knowledge and public health policies: reflections on the occurrence of filariasis in Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil

O artigo discute a relação entre a produção científica sobre a ocorrência da filariose bancroftiana no Brasil e o processo de formulação e implementação da política de saúde voltada ao seu controle. Para tanto, realiza uma revisão da produção do conhecimento e das políticas específicas, no período compreendido desde a criação do Programa de Combate à Filariose, em meados do século passado, até a criação do SUS, no marco da descentralização do controle das endemias. Centrando suas observações empíricas na ambiência da cidade do Recife, espaço urbano no qual ainda prevalece a filariose, ressalta os processos institucionais e destaca o papel dos distintos atores neles envolvidos. Partindo da hipótese de que se até à primeira metade do século vinte faltavam o conhecimento científico e o desenvolvimento tecnológico para o controle do problema, a seguir, quando esses avanços são disponibilizados, outros requerimentos, agora do campo da política, irão se impor, atuando como determinantes da persistência da endemia na cidade.

A produçäo do conhecimento científico e as políticas de saúde pública: reflexöes a partir da ocorrência da filariose na cidade do Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil / Scientific knowledge and public health policies: reflections on the occurrence of filariasis in Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil

Discute a relaçäo entre a produçäo científica sobre a ocorrência da filariose bancroftiana no Brasil e o processo de formulaçäo e implementaçäo da política de saúde voltada ao seu controle. Para tanto, realiza uma revisäo da produçäo do conhecimento e das políticas específicas, no período compreendido desde a criaçäo do Programa de Combate à Filariose, em meados do século passado, até a criaçäo do SUS, no marco da descentralizaçäo do controle das endemias. (AU)