[Acquired flat foot of the adult by posterior tibial dysfunction. Options for surgical treatment]. / Pie plano adquirido del adulto por disfunción del tibial posterior. Opciones para el tratamiento quirúrgico.

We present the possible etiopatogenic causes of posterior tibial dysfunction or painful flat foot of the adult and the cause-and-effect relationship that may exist. We also expose the gradation of the lesion and the different therapeutic options for the surgical treatment of the deformity. Since 1939, multiple articles have been published, which have been endorsed by clinical, experimental, electromyographic and biomechanical studies; publications that have been consulted and evaluated for the development of this review. In our opinion: the dysfunction of the posterior tibial is caused in principle by a failure of the plantar navicular calcaneus ligament (spring ligament), the main passive stabilizer of the internal plantar arch. This failure would, in time, mean an increase in work of the posterior tibial tendon, in itself "insufficient", which would go into fatigue, until it reached a partial or total rupture. Published work on soft-part procedures acting on the posterior tibial tendon in stage II has not had the expected result in the natural history of deformity. Arthrodesis, on the other hand, has been effective in other stages, but is associated with a loss of movement dynamics in the back foot and increased pressure on adjacent joints.

Presentamos la posible causa etiopatogénica de la disfunción del tibial posterior o pie plano doloroso del adulto y la relación causa-efecto que puede existir. También exponemos la clasificación de la lesión y las diferentes opciones para el tratamiento quirúrgico de la deformidad. Desde 1939, múltiples artículos han sido publicados, avalados por la clínica, así como por estudios experimentales, electromiográficos y biomecánicos; publicaciones consultadas y evaluadas para el desarrollo de esta revisión, según nuestro criterio: el primum movens de la disfunción del tibial posterior es ocasionado por un fallo del ligamento en hamaca o calcáneo navicular plantar (spring ligament), principal estabilizador pasivo del arco plantar interno. Este fallo supondría en el tiempo un aumento de trabajo del tendón tibial posterior, de por sí "insuficiente", que entraría en fatiga hasta llegar a la rotura parcial o total. Los trabajos publicados en relación con los procedimientos de partes blandas que actúan sobre el tendón tibial posterior en el estadio II no han tenido el resultado esperado en la historia natural de la deformidad. La artrodesis por el contrario, ha sido efectiva en otros estadios, pero está asociada a una pérdida de la dinámica del movimiento en el retropié y a un aumento de la presión en las articulaciones adyacentes.

Scaling theory of absorption in the frozen mode regime.

A stationary inflection point (SIP) of the Bloch dispersion relation of a periodic system is a prominent example of an exceptional point degeneracy (EPD) where three Bloch eigenmodes coalesce. The scattering problem for a bounded photonic structure supporting a SIP features the frozen mode regime (FMR), where the incident wave is converted into the "frozen mode" with vanishing group velocity and diverging amplitude. We analyze the effect of losses and disorder on the FMR and develop a scaling formalism for the absorbance in the FMR that takes into consideration losses, disorder, and system size. The signatures of the EPD appear as an abrupt growth of absorbance for system sizes greater than a characteristic length that follows a parallel resistance law involving the absorption length and the Anderson localization length.

Seguimiento y características clínicas de los pacientes con nódulos tiroideos en nuestra práctica clínica antes de 2015 / Follow-up and clinical characteristics of patients with thyroid nodules in our clinical practice before 2015

INTRODUCCIÓN: Los nódulos tiroideos son una consulta muy prevalente en Endocrinología. Las guías de la Asociación Americana de Tiroides (2015) animaban a realizar estudios a largo plazo. El objetivo de este estudio fue revisar las características, el seguimiento y la evolución de los nódulos de tiroides seguidos en nuestras consultas hasta 2015. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio retrospectivo de pacientes con al menos dos ecografías o cirugía. Los datos clínicos, ecográficos y de punción, así como la evolución y los resultados histológicos de aquellos operados, se analizaron con métodos descriptivos, bivariados y de regresión. RESULTADOS: 1.420 pacientes seguidos en Endocrinología a largo plazo fueron incluidos. 20 se excluyeron por tener una sola ecografía. El 71,2% presentaban normofunción, 9,6% hipertiroidismo subclínico, 9,5% hipotiroidismo subclínico, 5,7% hipotiroidismo clínico y 4% hipertiroidismo clínico. Del total de nódulos seguidos (n= 1400), 64,1%, 15,6% y 20,3% permanecieron estables, aumentaron y disminuyeron respectivamente. Los que crecieron no tuvieron más características sospechosas en las ecografías. De los intervenidos (457 casos (32,6% del total), 207 fueron malignos (45,2%). 57% de ellos fueron diagnosticados e intervenidos durante el primer año, en la primera evaluación. La aparición de nódulos malignos en el resto de pacientes fue de 89 casos (6,3% de todos los nódulos seguidos, 38,3% de ellos, incidentalomas). La ecografía y la citología empleadas antes de la homogenización de los criterios diagnósticos tuvieron una baja sensibilidad y especificidad en nuestro medio. CONCLUSIONES: Más de la mitad de los cánceres de tiroides fueron diagnosticados en la evaluación inicial del nódulo tiroideo. Más de la mitad de los nódulos no operados en el primer año mantienen el mismo tamaño a largo plazo. No encontramos predictores clínicos del aumento de tamaño. El valor diagnóstico de la ecografía y PAAF sin unos criterios estandarizados homogéneos es bajo.

INTRODUCTION: Thyroid nodules are a very prevalent consultation in endocrinology. Guidelines from the American Thyroid Association (2015) encouraged to conduct follow-up studies in the long term. This study object was to review the clinical characteristics, follow-up and evolution of thyroid nodules visited in our consultations till 2015. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective study of patients that had at least two thyroid ultrasounds or had been operated. Clinical, ultrasound and FNA (fine needle aspiration) data as well as the evolution and histology results of those operated, were analyzed with descriptive, bivariated and regression analyses. RESULTS: 1.420 patients followed in Endocrinology in the long term were included. 20 were excluded for having only one ecography. 71,2% had normal function, 9,6% subclinical hyperthyroidism, 9,5% subclinical hypothyroidism, 5,7% clinical hypothyroidism and 4% clinical hyperthyroidism. Of all the nodules followed (n=1400), 64,1%, 15,6% and 20,3% remained the same size, grew and decreased respectively. Nodules that grew didn´t have more suspicious sonographic characteristics. Of the operated nodules (457 cases (32,6% of all), 207 were cáncer (45,2%). 57% of them were diagnosed and intervened during the first year, in the first evaluation. Malignant nodules were detected in the rest of patients in 89 cases (6,3% of all the followed nodules, 38,3% of them were incidental cases). The ultrasound and citology diagnoses used before the homogenization of diagnoses criteria had a low senitivity and specificity in our clinical environment. CONCLUSIONS: More than half of the thyroid cancers were diagnosed in the initial evaluation of the thyroid nodule. More than half of nodules non operated in the first year remained the same size long term. We could not find clinical predictors of growth. The diagnostic value of the ultrasound and FNA is low without standardized and homogenous criteria.

Polymorphism E23K (rs5219) in the KCNJ11 gene in Euro-Brazilian subjects with type 1 and 2 diabetes.

Insulin secretion is regulated by ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP). The potassium inwardly-rectifying channel, subfamily J, member 11 (KCNJ11) gene, located on chromosome 11p15.1, encodes the subunit Kir6.2 that forms the pore region of KATP channels in pancreatic ß-cells. Among the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with KCNJ11, the E23K polymorphism (rs5219) promotes a substitution (G > A) of a glutamic acid residue for lysine at position 23. The E23K SNP has been associated with diabetes in several populations, although with controversial results. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of the E23K SNP with type 1 and 2 diabetes in a case-control study approved by the Ethics Committee. We genotyped 458 Euro-Brazilian individuals, classified as healthy (control group, CTRL, N = 217), patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D, N = 102), and patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D, N = 139). Genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) using BanII restriction digestion. The restriction fragments were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and visualized by ethidium bromide staining. The genotype (EE/EK/KK) frequencies (%) for the CTRL group (38.2/50.2/11.6), T1D (34.3/52.0/13.7), and T2D (38.2/48.9/12.9) were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and there were no significant differences (CRTL vs T1D, P = 0.771; CRTL vs T2D, P = 0.937; T1D vs T2D, P = 0.831). The minor allele frequencies (MAF; K) for CTRL (37.0%), T1D (39.7%), and T2D (37.4%) were not different among the groups (P > 0.05). The MAF value for healthy subjects was similar to other Caucasian populations (34.5-37.5%). In summary, the E23K polymorphism (rs5219) was not associated with type 1 or 2 diabetes mellitus in the studied population.

[Sauvé-Kapandji procedure in distal radioulnar joint disorders]. / Procedimiento de Sauvé-Kapandji en los trastornos de la articulación radiocubital distal.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the functional and subjective results of the Sauvé-Kapandji procedure as a treatment for distal radioulnar joint disorders. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A retrospective study was conducted on 27 patients treated using the Sauvé-Kapandji technique from January 2001 to March 2012. The aetiología, age, sex, laterality, articular movement, radiographical signs of joint degeneration, and cubitus varus, were analysed. The Mayo Clinic wrist assessment scale and the DASH questionnaire were used for the postoperative evaluation. The mean follow-up was 24 months (6-48 months). The mean age was 47.2 years, with 66.7% females, and 55% the dominant side. RESULTS: At one year after surgery, 16 cases had mild or no pain (59.2%), 8 cases with moderate (29.6%) and 3 cases with severe pain (11.1%). The pronation-supination went from a pre-operative average of 96.8° to 136.4° postoperative, operatorios, which was a significant statistical difference (Wilcoxon test). The radioulnar ratio went from an pre-operative average of +2.6mm to -0.39 mm postoperative. Full functional recovery was observed in 48%. A grip strength of 50.6%, compared to the contralateral wrist was achieved. CONCLUSIONS: The Sauvé-Kapandji technique could avoid the complications common in other procedures, such as cubital-carpal migration. Our study agrees with that in the literature with good results as regards the range of joint movement, with an acceptable improvement in pain compared to the previous stage, but it also demonstrates the frequent loss of grip strength and instability of the proximal radio-ulnar joint.

Tendoscopia de los peroneos: nuestra experiencia / Peroneal tendoscopy: our experience

Introducción. La patología de los tendones peroneos es una causa frecuente de dolor posterolateral de tobillo. En los últimos años, la incidencia y el conocimiento de esta patología y de su tratamiento están en auge gracias al desarrollo de las técnicas tendoscópicas. Objetivo. Describir y evaluar el estado actual y las indicaciones de la tendoscopia en la patología de los tendones peroneos. Material y método. Desde junio de 2010 hasta julio de 2011 se realizaron 23 tendoscopias en pacientes con dolor retrofibular persistente. Encontramos 12 casos de rotura del peroneus brevis, 6 del peroneus longus, 3 casos de tenosinovitis y 2 casos de luxación, uno de ellos con una luxación intravaina y otra extravaina. De los 23 pacientes, 12 presentaban además otra lesión asociada: 4 lesiones osteocondrales de astrágalo, 3 inestabilidades anterolaterales de tobillo y 7 casos de pinzamiento de partes blandas. Discusión. Las 3 indicaciones principales de esta técnica son las tenosinovitis, las roturas tendinosas y la luxación de los tendones. Es un procedimiento técnicamente exigente, que requiere una amplia experiencia en el tratamiento artroscópico de pequeñas articulaciones y puede ser especialmente complejo en los casos de tenosinovitis extensa o amplias roturas tendinosas, pero muy útil para la evaluación y tratamiento de dicha patología. Conclusiones. La tendoscopia es un procedimiento de gran utilidad en el abordaje de la patología de los tendones peroneos, con baja morbilidad y excelentes resultados funcionales(AU)

Background. The peroneal tendon pathology is a common cause of posterolateral ankle pain. Recently, the incidence and awareness of this disease and its treatment are booming thanks to the development of tendoscopic procedures. Objective. To describe and assess the current role and indications of tendoscopy for peroneal tendon pathology. Material and methods. From June 2010 to July 2011, twenty three patients with retrofibular pain were treated with peroneal tendoscopy. We founded twelve peroneal brevis tendon tears, six peroneal longus tendon tears, three cases of tenosynovitis and two cases of luxation, one patient with an intrasheath subluxation and another one of extrasheath. Of the 23 patients, 12 had another injury associated: 4 talar osteochondral lesions, 3 instabilities and 7 cases of soft tissue impingement. Discussion. The three main indications include tendon tears, tenosynovitis and subluxation or luxation. It is a technically demanding procedure that requires extensive experience in arthroscopic management of small joints and can be particularly complex in cases of wide tenosynovitis, broad tendon tears or anatomical defects but very useful for the evaluation of the lesions and for the treatment of peroneal tendon disorders. Conclusions. Tendoscopy is a useful procedure with low morbidity and excellent functional results to treat the pathology of the peroneal tendons(AU)

[Peroneal tendoscopy: our experience]. / Tendoscopia de los peroneos: nuestra experiencia.

BACKGROUND: The peroneal tendon pathology is a common cause of posterolateral ankle pain. Recently, the incidence and awareness of this disease and its treatment are booming thanks to the development of tendoscopic procedures. OBJECTIVE: To describe and assess the current role and indications of tendoscopy for peroneal tendon pathology. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From June 2010 to July 2011, twenty three patients with retrofibular pain were treated with peroneal tendoscopy. We founded twelve peroneal brevis tendon tears, six peroneal longus tendon tears, three cases of tenosynovitis and two cases of luxation, one patient with an intrasheath subluxation and another one of extrasheath. Of the 23 patients, 12 had another injury associated: 4 talar osteochondral lesions, 3 instabilities and 7 cases of soft tissue impingement. DISCUSSION: The three main indications include tendon tears, tenosynovitis and subluxation or luxation. It is a technically demanding procedure that requires extensive experience in arthroscopic management of small joints and can be particularly complex in cases of wide tenosynovitis, broad tendon tears or anatomical defects but very useful for the evaluation of the lesions and for the treatment of peroneal tendon disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Tendoscopy is a useful procedure with low morbidity and excellent functional results to treat the pathology of the peroneal tendons.

[Disruption of anterointernal weight bearing: sequelae of surgical treatment of hallux valgus]. / Alteración del apoyo anterointerno como secuela del tratamiento quirúrgico del hallux valgus.

Sequelae of forefoot surgery range between 30 and 40%; the most frequent ones are transfer metatarsalgia and deformity relapse. Forefoot surgery complications disrupt biomechanics. Anterointernal weight bearing alteration is most frequent, due to involvement of the metatarsal, the phalanx or both. Metatarsophalangeal arthrodesis normalizes the length of the first ray and pressure transmission. The use of this technique has made it possible to confirm pain relief, as well as improved function and a better cosmetic result, which allows the patient to wear ormal footwear.

Comparative study of the Weil osteotomy with and without fixation.

BACKGROUND: Weil osteotomy is a technique widely used in patients with metatarsalgia which shortens the metatarsal and reduces the load under the metatarsal head. METHODS: The aim of this paper is to compare the results of the Weil osteotomy with and without any fixation system. We present a retrospective study of 92 patients (97 feet) who underwent treatment for metatarsalgia between 1999 and 2005. One hundred and six osteotomies were vixed using a screw amd no fixation was used in 92. The mean follow-up was 51.2 and 46.6 months respectively. RESULTS: All the patients were evaluated following the AOFAS LMIS scale, obtaining a mean score of 69.8 points (ranged 15-100) and 75.3 points (from 47 to 100) in each group (P=0.11). CONCLUSIONS: The results of fixed and unfixed Weil osteotomies were not significantly different. Our study could not find a significant relationship between metatarsal shortening and main complications (recurrent metatarsalgia, transfer metatarsalgia and stiffness of the metatarsophalangeal joint).

Recuperación funcional en la lumbalgia incapacitante: eficacia de una intervención cognitivo-conductal temprana / Functional recovery in low back pain: efficacy of an early cognitive behavioral intervention

Objetivos: El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la eficacia de una intervención cognitivo-conductual temprana en la recuperación funcional de la lumbalgia. Pacientes y metodología: se estudiaron 85 pacientes con 102 episodios de lumbalgia incapacitante (IT), 32% varones, con una edad media de 46 años, distribuidos en Grupo Control, 41 episodios y 33 pacientes que siguieron tratamiento habitual y Grupo Intervención, 61 episodios y 52 pacientes que además tuvieron un soporte cognitivo- conductual temprano. Se incluyeron variables de eficacia y una evaluación económica y subjetiva del paciente. Resultados: La duración media de los episodios de IT en el total de pacientes fue de 108 días, en el Grupo Control fue de 120 días y en el Grupo Intervención de 99 días, la diferencia no resultó significativa (p< 0,32). La duración media de los episodios de recaída en el Grupo Control fue 181 días y en el Grupo Intervención de 62 días (p < 0,02). Los pacientes del Grupo Control gastaron una media de 639 € en costes directos y el Grupo Intervención 412 €. Los costes indirectos en el Grupo Control fueron 6.617 € y en el Grupo Intervención 5.439 €, sin diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos. Conclusiones: La eficacia de esta intervención cognitivo-conductual temprana se obtuvo principalmente en los episodios de recaída (AU)

Objectives:The purpose of this study was to analyze the efficacy of an early cognitive behavioral intervention in the functional recovery of the low back pain. Patients and methods: Subjects with an episode of Temporary Work Disability (TWD) of 4 weeks of duration due to low back pain were selected. Efficacy variables included duration of TWD episodes, duration of TWD relapse episodes, an economic evaluation and the own patient perception of disability, health and quality of life. Results: 85 patients were included (33 in control and 52 in intervention), generating 102 episodes of TWD. The duration was reduced in the intervention group (99 versus 120 days), with a relative efficacy of 17%, without differences in the duration of the total of episodes. The episodes of relapse were significantly shorter in the intervention group (62 versus 181 days; p=0,02). Costs were also lower in the intervention group, with a net benefit of 48,028€. Moreover, the intervention patients improved their health and disability perceived. Conclusions: The efficacy of this cognitive behavioral early intervention was mainly obtained in the relapse episodes (AU)

[Forestier-Rotes-Querol's disease. Ossification of the anterior cervical longitudinal ligament as a cause of dysphagia]. / Enfermedad de Forestier-Rotes-Querol. Osificación del ligamento longitudinal cervical anterior como causa de disfagia.

Forestier's disease or diffuse idiophatic skeletal hyperostosis is a systemic reumathological abnormality of unknown etiology. It produces calcificationossification of the anterior longitudinal ligament. The low dorsal region is the most affected in the raquis. These patients are tipically asymptomatic or with few symptoms (minimal joint pain, spinal pain, stiffness). Dysphagia is the most common symptom when the disease affects the cervical spine; less frequent is dyspnea, both secondary to extrinsic compression of the esophagus and trachea. Neurological complaints are quite rare. In the 1970s Resnick described specific radiological criteria for the diagnosis of Forestier's disease that are still used today. It affects men more frequently than women (2:1); the peak occurrence is in patients in their 60s. We present two cases diagnosed by severe difficulty with deglution, a 84 years-old woman and a 54 years-old man; we operated on them for surgical decompression of the esophagus with resection of osteophytes C3-C4 and C5-C6 respectively through a conventional anterolateral neck approach. Relief of difficulty in swallowing was immediately ensued.

Enfermedad de Forestier-Rotes-Querol. Osificación del ligamento longitudinal cervical anterior como causa de disfagia / Forestier-Rotes-Querol's disease. Ossification of the anterior cervical longitudinal ligament as a cause of dysphagia

La enfermedad de Forestier-Rotes-Querol o "hiperostosis esquelética idiopática difusa" es una enfermedad reumatológica con afectación sistémica18. Consiste en la calcificación-osificación del ligamento longitudinal común anterior (LLCA), de etiología aún desconocida, sin otros cambios degenerativos. La región más frecuentemente afectada en el raquis es la región dorsal baja18,28. La mayoría de casos se mantienen asintomáticos o con mínimos síntomas como dolor articular leve y dolor de espalda25. El síntoma más común cuando está implicada la columna cervical es la disfagia; menos frecuente es la disnea, ambos síntomas secundarios a la compresión extrínseca del esófago y la tráquea. La presencia de déficits neurológicos es rara18,21,25. En la década de los 70 se definieron criterios radiológicos específicos para el diagnóstico de la enfermedad de Forestier que todavía hoy se emplean18,28,29,30. Predomina en varones en la década de los 60 años18,25. Presentamos en este trabajo dos casos diagnosticados por alteraciones importantes en la deglución, una mujer de 84 años y un varón de 54 años de edad; ambos fueron intervenidos quirúrgicamente para la extirpación-fresado de una exostosis ósea de gran tamaño existente en C3-C4 y C5- C6, respectivamente, mediante un abordaje anterior convencional a la columna cervical; la mejoría clínica fue inmediata tras la cirugía, con resolución completa del trastorno deglutorio

Forestier's disease or diffuse idiophatic skeletal hyperostosis is a systemic reumathological abnormality of unknown etiology18. It produces calcification ossification of the anterior longitudinal ligament. The low dorsal region is the most affected in the raquis18,28. These patients are tipically asymptomatic or with few symptoms (minimal joint pain, spinal pain, stiffness)25. Dysphagia is the most common symptom when the disease affects the cervical spine; less frequent is dyspnea, both secondary to extrinsic compression of the esophagus and trachea. Neurological complaints are quite rare18,21,25. In the 1970s Resnick described specific radiological criteria for the diagnosis of Forestier's disease that are still used today18,28,29,30. It affects men more frequently than women (2:1); the peak occurrence is in patients in their 60s18,25. We present two cases diagnosed by severe difficulty with deglution, a 84 years-old woman and a 54 years-old man; we operated on them for surgical decompression of the esophagus with resection of osteophytes C3-C4 and C5-C6 respectively through a conventional anterolateral neck approach. Relief of difficulty in swallowing was immediately ensued

Valoración clínico-ecográfica de la agresión al manguito rotador en el abordaje anterógrado del enclavado humeral / Clinical and sonographic assessment of rotator cuff damage during antegrade humeral nailing

Objetivo. Uno de los puntos más controvertidos relacionados con la vía de abordaje en el enclavado anterógrado del húmero es la iatrogenia en el manguito de los rotadores. El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido determinar el impacto clínico-ecográfico asociado a este abordaje. Material y método. Estudio transversal sobre una cohorte retrospectiva de 23 pacientes intervenidos con fracturas diafisarias de húmero en el Hospital 12 de Octubre entre los años 1998 y 2004. Criterios de inclusión. Fracturas agudas diafisarias de húmero tratadas mediante osteosíntesis con enclavado por vía anterógrada sin límite de edad y seguimiento mínimo de un año. Criterios de exclusión. Pacientes con patología reumática asociada, antecedente traumático previo glenohumeral o fracturas del húmero proximal antiguas. La valoración clínica se realizó con el test de Constant y el estudio ecográfico utilizó como control el hombro contralateral. Resultados. La puntuación media del test de Constant fue de 82 (49-99), con una agrupación general de resultado de la serie bueno: 80% más de 65. Los únicos hallazgos ecográficos observados fueron líneas hiperecogénicas en 4 pacientes, interpretadas como roturas parciales inferiores a 30 mm. Estos pacientes obtuvieron un resultado funcional aceptablemente bueno, sumando más de 70 puntos en el test de Constant. Conclusiones. Los resultados de este estudio sugieren que la utilización del abordaje anterolateral para el enclavado humeral anterógrado, con una cuidadosa disección y posterior sutura del manguito rotador, así como un punto de entrada en la cabeza humeral suficientemente medial garantizan un buen resultado funcional sin un impacto clínico-ecográfico relevante

Purpose. One of the most controversial points about antegrade humeral nailing is that of potential iatrogenic injuries to the rotator cuff. The purpose of this paper is to determine the clinical and sonographic impact associated to the use of the anterolateral approach. Materials and methods. Transversal study of a retrospective cohort of 23 patients operated on for humeral diaphyseal fractures at the 12 de Octubre Hospital between 1998 and 2004. Inclusion criteria. Acute humeral shaft fractures treated by means of antegrade nailing. No age threshold was imposed; minimum follow-up was one year. Exclusion criteria. Patients with an associated rheumatic pathology were excluded as well as those that had suffered a prior glenohumeral traumatic event or a proximal humeral fracture. Clinical assessment was conducted with Constant's scale and the sonographic study used the contralateral shoulder as control. Results. Mean score on Contant's scale was 82 points (range: 49-99), with most patients achieving a good result, i.e. 80% obtained more than 65 points. The only sonographic findings described were a few hyperechogenic lines in 4 patients, which were interpreted as partial ruptures of less than 30 mm. These patients had an acceptable functional outcome, with a score of more than 70 points on Constant's scale. Conclusions. The results of this study suggest that the use of the anterolateral approach for antegrade humeral nailing, provided that there is careful dissection and posterior suturing of the rotator cuff, as well as a sufficiently medialized entry point on the humeral head, ensures a good functional result with no significant clinical-sonographic impact

Complicaciones y secuelas de la cirugía del antepié derivadas de las osteotomías del primer radio / Complications and sequelae of forefoot surgery derived from first ray osteotomy

Introducción. Las osteotomías del primer radio pueden presentar complicaciones de inicio que dejarán secuelas cuya sintomatología es común a cualquier tipo de osteotomía que se realice, es decir, la aparición de una metatarsalgia o una recidiva de la deformidad. La mayoría de los autores cifran estas complicaciones en un 15% de resultados no satisfactorios.Secuelas más importantes y su tratamiento. Las secuelaspueden presentarse por error de planificación o de técnica quirúrgica. Entre las primeras cabe destacar las derivadas de una mala alineación sagital, o por desalineación transversal o coronal. Éstas pueden acabar en rigidez articular o inestabilidad;también pueden presentar retardo de consolidación,necrosis ósea o infección. La hipercorrección o hipocorrección son complicaciones que condicionarán una metatarsalgia transferencial como secuela, al igual que el ascenso de la cabeza metatarsal o el descenso de la misma condicionará, igualmente, una metatarsalgia por transferencia que deberá ser corregida

Introduction. First ray osteotomy can lead to early complications that will be followed by sequelae whose most usual symptoms are a metatarsalgia or a relapse of the disease; these symptoms are common to any type of osteotomy that may be performed. Most authors agree that these complications arise in around 15% of cases.Most significant sequelae and their treatment. Sequelaemay occur as a result of poor planning or an inappropriate surgical technique. Among the first, we should mention those derived from a poor sagittal alignment or a transverse or coronal malalignment. These could result in articular stiffness or instability; they could also lead to delayed healing, bone necrosis or sepsis. Hypercorrection and hypocorrection are complications that might be followed by transfer metatarsalgia; ascending or descending the metatarsal head will also provoke a transfer metatarsalgia that must be corrected

Complicaciones y secuelas de la cirugía del antepié derivadas de las osteotomías del primer radio / Complications and sequelae of forefoot surgery derived from first ray osteotomy

Introducción. Las osteotomías del primer radio pueden presentar complicaciones de inicio que dejarán secuelas cuya sintomatología es común a cualquier tipo de osteotomía que se realice, es decir, la aparición de una metatarsalgia o una recidiva de la deformidad. La mayoría de los autores cifran estas complicaciones en un 15% de resultados no satisfactorios. Secuelas más importantes y su tratamiento. Las secuelas pueden presentarse por error de planificación o de técnica quirúrgica. Entre las primeras cabe destacar las derivadas de una mala alineación sagital, o por desalineación transversal o coronal. Éstas pueden acabar en rigidez articular o inestabilidad; también pueden presentar retardo de consolidación, necrosis ósea o infección. La hipercorrección o hipocorrecciónson complicaciones que condicionarán una metatarsalgiatransferencial como secuela, al igual que el ascenso dela cabeza metatarsal o el descenso de la misma condicionará, igualmente, una metatarsalgia por transferencia que deberá ser corregida

Introduction. First ray osteotomy can lead to early complications that will be followed by sequelae whose most usual symptoms are a metatarsalgia or a relapse of the disease; these symptoms are common to any type of osteotomy that may be performed. Most authors agree that these complications arise in around 15% of cases.Most significant sequelae and their treatment. Sequelaemay occur as a result of poor planning or an inappropriate surgical technique. Among the first, we should mention those derived from a poor sagittal alignment or a transverse or coronal malalignment. These could result in articular stiffness or instability; they could also lead to delayed healing, bone necrosis or sepsis. Hypercorrection and hypocorrection arecomplications that might be followed by transfer metatarsalgia; ascending or descending the metatarsal head will also provoke a transfer metatarsalgia that must be corrected

Delayed intracerebral hemorrhage after ventriculoperitoneal shunt insertion. Case report and literature review.

We present another case of delayed intracerebral hemorrhage after a ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunting procedure. In this case, a right occipital intraparenchymal hematoma and associated intraventricular hemorrhage occurred six days after the operation for hydrocephalus secondary to subarachnoid hemorrhage in a 64 year old woman. It is a rare complication of VP shunting, with few cases reported previously in the literature. The presumed mechanism is the erosion of a cerebral blood vessel secondary to a close contact with the ventricular catheter; bleeding disorder, vascular malformation, head trauma or brain tumor were excluded in this patient.

Delayed intracerebral hemorrhage after ventriculoperitoneal shunt insertion. Case report and literature review

We present another case of delayed intracerebralhemorrhage after a ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shuntingprocedure. In this case, a right occipital intraparenchymalhematoma and associated intraventricularhemorrhage occurred six days after the operation forhydrocephalus secondary to subarachnoid hemorrhagein a 64 year old woman. It is a rare complication of VPshunting, with few cases reported previously in the literature.The presumed mechanism is the erosion of acerebral blood vessel secondary to a close contact withthe ventricular catheter; bleeding disorder, vascularmalformation, head trauma or brain tumor were excludedin this patient

Presentamos un caso de hemorragia intracerebraltardía tras la colocación de una derivación ventriculoperitoneal.Una paciente de 64 años de edad, con hidrocefaliasecundaria a una hemorragia subaracnoidea,sufre una hemorragia intraparenquimatosa occipitalderecha con hemorragia intraventricular secundariaseis días después de la intervención quirúrgica.Se trata de una complicación rara de la derivaciónventriculoperitoneal, con pocos casos publicados anteriormente.El mecanismo supuesto es la erosión de unvaso sanguíneo secundaria a un íntimo contacto con elcatéter proximal de la derivación; trastornos sanguíneos,malformaciones vasculares cerebrales, traumatismocraneal o tumor cerebral fueron excluidos en estapaciente

Utilidad de la determinación de la Homocisteinemia / Utility of hyperhomocysteinemia

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