RESUMO
The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic had an immediate and severe impact on the economy. However, we do not know whether the disease may have a longer-term effect on people's employment opportunities. In this study, we focus on the effects of COVID-19 infection on labor market outcomes 12 months after diagnosis. We use a unique dataset that includes all formal private sector workers in the Mexican social security system and that links health outcomes with administrative records. We implement two alternative identification strategies to estimate the impact: matching estimators and individual fixed effects models. Our study finds that COVID-19 infection does not harm employment probabilities or wages. On the contrary, we find that workers who had tested positive for COVID had a higher likelihood of keeping their formal sector jobs and higher wages than those who did not. Moreover, our results describe mostly low-income workers.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic revealed large structural inequalities that led to disparities in health outcomes related to socioeconomic status. So far, most of the evidence is based on aggregated data or simulations with individual data, which point to various possible mechanisms behind the association. To date, there have been no studies regarding an income gradient in COVID-19 mortality based on individual-level data and adjusting for comorbidities or access to healthcare. METHODS: In this paper, we use linked employee-patient data for patients tested for COVID-19 at the Mexican Institute of Social Security. We estimate the association of the probability of dying with income centiles, using a probit estimation and adjusting for COVID-19 diagnosis, sociodemographic variables, and comorbidities. FINDINGS: After controlling for all these variables, we find that persons in the lowest income decile still had a probability of dying from COVID-19 five times greater than those at the top decile. INTERPRETATION: Our results imply that the association between income and COVID outcomes is not explained by the prevalence of comorbidities or by a lack of access to healthcare among the low-income population. FUNDING: This study was not supported by any external funding source.
RESUMO
La asociación de tumor carcinoide y carcinoma broncopulmonar en forma de tumores de aparición sincrónica es excepcional y sólo ha sido publicada en diez ocasiones. En el presente trabajo se describen los hallazgos en 2 pacientes con adenocarcinoma pulmonar en los que en el estudio de la pieza quirúrgica se identificó un tumor carcinoide típico. El hallazgo de un segundo nódulo en un paciente con un carcinoma broncopulmonar, situación cada vez más frecuente por la incorporación de técnicas de imagen con mayor sensibilidad, plantea la necesidad de su evaluación patológica para una correcta estadificación. Un problema adicional es la identificación de segundos nódulos en el curso de la intervención quirúrgica, lo que obliga al estudio intraoperatorio. La correcta valoración de los parámetros morfológicos y su comparación con los del tumor principal puede ser determinante en un correcto diagnóstico y evitar la sobrestadificación(AU)
The association of carcinoid tumour and bronchopulmonary carcinoma is very rare, with only 10 cases published to date. We present two cases of pulmonary adenocarcinoma in which a typical carcinoid tumour was an incidental finding on microscopy of the surgical specimen. The improved sensitivity of imaging techniques increases the possibility of detecting the presence of secondary nodules during the work-up for bronchopulmonary carcinoma, indicating further intraoperatory investigation. A correct morphological assessment and comparison with the main tumour could prove to be a key diagnostic factor, avoiding incorrect overstaging(AU)
