Estudio de componentes hemolinfáticos de Rhodnius prolixus y Triatoma maculata alimentados con diferentes fuentes sanguíneas / Study of hemolymphatic components of Rhodnius prolixus and Triatoma maculata fed on different blood sources

RESUMEN Introducción: Tradicionalmente, Rhodnius prolixus ha sido considerado el principal vector, mientras que Triatoma maculata resulta ser un vector secundario de Trypanosoma cruzi en el medio rural venezolano. En este trabajo se provee información de interés acerca de los componentes bioquímicos y del sistema inmune, humoral y celular, de la hemolinfa de R. prolixus y T. maculata alimentados sobre gallina y rata. Metodología: los insectos provenían de una colonia del laboratorio, mantenida a una temperatura de 27-29ºC, 50% de humedad relativa y ocho horas luz/día. Se analizó la hemolinfa de adultos alimentados sobre gallina y rata. Se observaron los hemocitos mediante microscopía óptica y electrónica de transmisión. Resultados: los parámetros bioquímicos de glucosa, lípidos y proteínas fueron afectados de forma distinta en R. prolixus y T. maculata según la fuente alimenticia. T. maculata presentó mayores niveles de actividad lítica de lisozima. Se observaron cuatro poblaciones de hemocitos (prohemocitos, plasmatocitos, granulocitos y oenocitos), cuyas características y medidas están acorde a lo reportado por otros autores sobre la subfamilia Triatominae. T. maculata presentó mayor número de prohemocitos y oenocitos que R. prolixus. Conclusiones: En su hemolinfa, R. prolixus y T. maculata son afectados distintamente en los componentes bioquímicos (glucosa, lípidos y proteínas) e inmunes, tanto humorales (lizosima) como celulares (prohemocitos, oenocitos), según sean alimentados sobre gallina y rata. Esto pone de manifiesto de la alimentación sobre uno de los componentes de la competencia vectorial, como lo es el sistema inmune propio de la hemolinfa de los insectos.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Traditionally, Rhodnius prolixus has been considered the main vector, while Triatoma maculata remains to be a secondary vector of Trypanosoma cruzi in the Venezuelan rural habitat. In this work, interesting information about the biochemical and immune (humoral and cellular) aspects of the hemolymph of R. prolixus and T. maculate, feeding on hen and rat, are presented. Methodology: Hemolymph was extracted from adult insects, maintained at 2729 °C with 50% of relative humidity and 8/16 (Light/Dark) hours, and fed on hen and rat. Hemocytes were observed by optical and transmission electron microscopy. Results: Biochemical parameters (glucose, lipids and proteins) varied in both species according to the food source. T. maculata presented higher levels of lysozyme lytic activity. Four hemocytes populations were observed by optical and transmission electron microscopy (prohemocytes, plasmocytes, granulocytes and oenocytes), exhibiting characteristics and measurements in accordance with previous literature related to the Triatominae subfamily. T maculata presented more prohemocytes and oenocytes than R. prolixus. Conclusions: On their hemolymph, R. prolixus and T. maculata are distinctly affected in their biochemical (glucose, lipids and proteins) and immune components, both humoral (lysozyme) and cellular (prohemocytes, oenocytes), depending on whether they were fed on hens or rats. Our results show that the food source affects the immune system of triatomines, and subsequently, their vectorial capacity may be compromised as well.

[Description of external cuticular setae of head, thorax, legs, abdomen and genitalia of four Triatominae species].

INTRODUCTION: The classification of the cuticular extensions of insects has been proposed as a taxonomic tool; however, the internal and external processes of the cuticular extensions of the Triatominae subfamily have not been fully analyzed and categorized. Objective: To describe the setae from different regions of the outer cuticle of several triatomine species by scanning electron microscopy. Materials and methods: Triatomines were washed and dried, after which different regions of the body from Eratyrus mucronatus, Triatoma maculata, Panstrongylus geniculatus and Belminus ferroae specimens were dissected, mounted on graphite double-sided adhesive tape over metal supports, metalized with gold and micrographed for further analysis. Results: We described nine types of cuticular setae. We found five types of setae in B. ferroae and T. maculata, four in P. geniculatus and only one in E. mucronatus. According to the proposed typology, type 3 seta was the most common in T. maculata, P. geniculatus and E. mucronatus, whereas type 1a predominated in B. ferroae. Conclusion: Type 3 seta was the most common in the Triatomini tribe (T. maculata, E mucronatus and P. geniculatus), whereas type 1a seta was specific to B. ferroae (tribe Bolboderini), suggesting that the surface morphology of the setae may have taxonomic value at tribe taxonomic level.

Descripción de setas cuticulares externas de cabeza, tórax, patas, abdomen y genitales en cuatro especies de Triatominae / Description of external cuticular setae of head, thorax, legs, abdomen and genitalia of four Triatominae species

Introducción. Se han propuesto clasificaciones de las extensiones cuticulares de los insectos para utilizarlas como herramienta taxonómica. A pesar de los diversos estudios morfológicos adelantados en triatominos, el conocimiento que se tiene sobre la distribución y los tipos morfológicos de estas estructuras en la subfamilia aún es escaso y fragmentario. Objetivo. Describir las setas de diferentes regiones de la cutícula externa de varias especies de triatominos mediante microscopía electrónica de barrido. Materiales y métodos. Se lavaron y se secaron especímenes de Eratyrus mucronatus, Triatoma maculata, Panstrongylus geniculatus y Belminus ferroae, y a continuación se disecaron diferentes regiones de sus cuerpos y se montaron sobre cinta adhesiva de grafito de doble faz en soportes metálicos. Se metalizaron con oro y se tomaron las micrografías para su posterior análisis. Resultados. Se describieron nueve tipos de setas cuticulares. En B. ferroae y T. maculata se encontraron cinco tipos de setas, en P. geniculatus, cuatro, y en E. mucronatus, un solo tipo. Según la tipología propuesta, la seta de tipo 3 fue la más común en cada especie, excepto en B. ferroae, en la cual predominó la seta de tipo 1a. Conclusión. La seta más común en las especies de la tribu Triatomini (T. maculata, E. mucronatus y P. geniculatus) fue la de tipo 3; la seta de tipo 1a fue específica para la especie B. ferroae, taxón de la tribu Bolboderini, lo cual permite suponer que la morfología superficial de las setas podría tener valor taxonómico a nivel de tribu.

Introduction: The classification of the cuticular extensions of insects has been proposed as a taxonomic tool; however, the internal and external processes of the cuticular extensions of the Triatominae subfamily have not been fully analyzed and categorized. Objective: To describe the setae from different regions of the outer cuticle of several triatomine species by scanning electron microscopy. Materials and methods: Triatomines were washed and dried, after which different regions of the body from Eratyrus mucronatus, Triatoma maculata, Panstrongylus geniculatus and Belminus ferroae specimens were dissected, mounted on graphite double-sided adhesive tape over metal supports, metalized with gold and micrographed for further analysis. Results: We described nine types of cuticular setae. We found five types of setae in B. ferroae and T. maculata, four in P. geniculatus and only one in E. mucronatus. According to the proposed typology, type 3 seta was the most common in T. maculata, P. geniculatus and E. mucronatus, whereas type 1a predominated in B. ferroae. Conclusion: Type 3 seta was the most common in the Triatomini tribe (T. maculata, E mucronatus and P. geniculatus), whereas type 1a seta was specific to B. ferroae (tribe Bolboderini), suggesting that the surface morphology of the setae may have taxonomic value at tribe taxonomic level.

[Entomological study of Trypanosoma cruzi vectors in the rural communities of Sucre state, Venezuela]. / Estudio entomológico de vectores transmisores de la infección por Trypanosoma cruzi en la población rural del estado Sucre, Venezuela.

INTRODUCTION: The ecological niche of Reduvidae vectors has been modified due to environmental changes and human encroachment into the rural areas. OBJECTIVE: This study evaluates the current entomological indices of triatomines responsible for Trypanosoma cruzi infection in Sucre State, Venezuela. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional and prospective study was conducted in 95 towns and 577 dwellings in the 15 municipalities of the state of Sucre, Venezuela, from August to November, 2008. Triatomine bugs were identified on the basis of morphological characteristics, and their feces examined for T. cruzi infection through direct microscopy. Positive slides were stained with Giemsa and parasites were identified by morphologic characterization. RESULTS: The entomological indices expressing the highest values were dispersion (16.67%) and household colonization (33.33%). The triatomine species captured were: Rhodnius prolixus , Rhodnius main intradomiciliary vector. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the low index of vector infection (1.72%), the existence of species with domiciliary and peridomiciliary reproductive success ensures the persistence of the epidemiological chain both for the disease and the parasite.

Estudio entomológico de vectores transmisores de la infección por Trypanosoma cruzi en la población rural del estado Sucre, Venezuela / Entomological study of Trypanosoma cruzi vectors in the rural communities of Sucre state, Venezuela

Introducción. Debido a los cambios ambientales y a la intervención del hombre en los espacios silvestres, se ha cambiado el nicho ecológico de los vectores reduvídeos. Objetivo. En el presente estudio se evaluó la situación actual de los índices entomológicos de los triatominos responsables de la transmisión de Trypanosoma cruzi en el estado Sucre. Materiales y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio prospectivo transversal en 96 centros poblados y 576 viviendas de los 15 municipios del estado Sucre, Venezuela, entre agosto y noviembre de 2008. Los vectores se identificaron con base en sus características morfológicas. La identificación de Trypanosoma spp. en las heces de los triatominos se hizo mediante el examen directo por microscopía. Las láminas positivas se tiñeron con Giemsa y los parásitos se identificaron por sus características morfológicas. Resultados. Los índices entomológicos con los valores más elevados fueron la dispersión en centros poblados rurales del estado Sucre (16,67 %) y la colonización de las viviendas (33,33 %). Las especies de triatominos capturados fueron Rhodnius prolixus , Rhodnius pictipes , Rhodnius robustus , Triatoma maculata y Panstrongylus geniculatus , siendo T . maculata el principal vector en el domicilio. Conclusiones. A pesar del bajo índice de infección natural en vectores (1,72 %), la existencia de especies con éxito reproductivo en el domicilio y el peridomicilio puede garantizar el mantenimiento de la cadena epidemiológica, tanto de la enfermedad como del parásito.

Introduction: The ecological niche of Reduvidae vectors has been modified due to environmental changes and human encroachment into the rural areas. Objective: This study evaluates the current entomological indices of triatomines responsible for Trypanosoma cruzi infection in Sucre State, Venezuela. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional and prospective study was conducted in 95 towns and 577 dwellings in the 15 municipalities of the state of Sucre, Venezuela, from August to November, 2008. Triatomine bugs were identified on the basis of morphological characteristics, and their feces examined for T. cruzi infection through direct microscopy. Positive slides were stained with Giemsa and parasites were identified by morphologic characterization. Results: The entomological indices expressing the highest values were dispersion (16.67%) and household colonization (33.33%). The triatomine species captured were: Rhodnius prolixus , Rhodnius main intradomiciliaryvector. Conclusions: Despite the low index of vector infection (1.72%), the existence of species with domiciliary and peridomiciliary reproductive success ensures the persistence of the epidemiological chain both for the disease and the parasite.

Factores de riesgo asociadas a la enfermedad Chagas en comunidades rurales en Lara, Venezuela / Comparative analysis of risk factors associated with Chagas disease in Lara State, Venezuela

La reinfestación por vectores secundarios es un problema emergente para la transmisión de la enfermedad de Chagas. Objetivo: Realizar un análisis comparativo para determinar los factores de riesgo asociados a la seropositividad en humanos. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio ecoentomológico y seroepidemiológico realizado en dos comunidades del Estado Lara, infestadas por Triatoma maculata o Panstrongylus geniculatus. Resultados: Guariquito (bosque húmedo tropical templado intervenido para actividad agrícola) mostró una seroprevalencia (SP) canina del 33,33 % y humana del 6,81 % asociada a: menores de 40 años, vector en vivienda anterior, comer animales de caza, migración rural, reconocimiento y contacto con el vector, siendo factores protectores conocimiento del vector y haber vivido en ranchos; infestación 20,45 %, colonización 0 % e infección 18,75 %; ninfas capturadas en cuevas de Xenarthra, los cuales se encontraron infectados (20 %), al igual que Rodentias (25 %). Cauderales (región semidesértica): SP humana del 11,56 % asociada a: mayores de 40 años, vector en vivienda anterior tipo rancho, comer animales de caza, migración rural, reconocimiento y contacto con el vector, siendo factor protector presencia de caninos en la vivienda, los cuales fueron seronegativos; infestación 5,51 %, colonización 0 % e infección-vivienda 0 %; ninfas y Chiropteras no infectadas fueron capturadas en Cactáceas. Conclusión: Panstrongylus geniculatus es responsable de la transmisión reciente en regiones intervenidas de bosque tropical húmedo y con reservorios de los géneros Xenarthra y Rodentia; Tm tiene capacidad vectorial limitada debido a bajos índices de infección producto de sus fuentes de alimento.

Reinfestation by secondary vectors is an emerging problem for h g ’ i e e smission. Objective: To make a comparative analysis and to identify risk factors associated with human seropositivity. Methods: We have done and ecoentomological and seroepidemiologic study in two communities in Lara state, infested by Triatoma maculata or Panstrongylus geniculatus. Results: Guariquito (temperate rainforest, human intervened for agricultural activity) showed 33,33 % og’ e op ev le ce (SP) 6,81 % hum SP associated with: individuals under 40 years, vector infestation of previous house, eating hunting animals, rural migration, vector recognition or contact; protective factors were: knowledge about vectors and used to live in dwellings; 20,45 % infestation, 0% colonization and 18,75 % infection; nymphs were capture in Xenarthra caves, which were found infected (20 %), as well as Rodentias (25 %). Cauderales (semi-desert region) showed 11,56 % human SP associated with: individuals older than 40 years, vector presence in dwellings, eating wild animals, rural migration, recognition and vector contact; as protective factors presence of dogs in the house, which were seronegative; 5,51 % infestation, 0 % colonization or infection indexes; non-infected Chiropteras and Tm nymphs were captured in Cactaceae. Conclusion: Panstrongylus geniculatus is the vector responsible for recent transmission of Chagas disease in tropical rain forest regions, where human intervention is in evolution and reservoirs of genera Xenarthra and Rodentia are present, while Tm has a limited vector capacity because of their low rates of infection as consequence of their food sources.

Teaching evolution to psychiatrists in Venezuela: comparison with medical students and other medical specialists: a pilot study.

INTRODUCTION: The teaching of Evolution Theory (ET) in medical programs has received scant attention in the literature. In this report, we first describe the main applications of ET in medicine. Second, we present the evaluation of an interactive seminar on ET given to groups of medical students, psychiatrists, and other medical specialists. METHODS: A two-hour, four-module, interactive seminar was conducted with separate groups of 27 psychiatrists, 15 family doctors, 18 neurologists, 13 physiatrists, 12 internists, and 24 sixth-year medical students without formal training in ET. Their knowledge of ET before and after the seminar was rated on a validated analogical scale (0-12). In addition, the perceived relevance of the information for the participants' professional activity was assessed. RESULTS: Score averages and medians before the seminar were below 6, suggesting low to moderate knowledge. The students' scores did not differ significantly from those of the physicians except on the Hominization item, where they scored lower than the physicians (p < 0.05). The psychiatrists' scores did not differ from those of the other groups before the seminar, but after the seminar the increase in their scores on a number of items was significantly smaller than that of the other groups. While all groups scored 10 or more when assessing the relevance of the information, the psychiatrists had the lowest score (p < 0.05). DISCUSSION: The results show the adequacy of short programs to enhance knowledge on ET. This may assist medical educators to develop comprehensive and compulsory courses. Future studies must explore whether psychiatrists are relatively reluctant or ambivalent to accept evolution concepts and proposals.

[Morphometric analysis of Panstrongylus geniculatus (Heteroptera: Reduviidae) from Caracas City, Venezuela]. / Análisis morfométrico de Panstrongylus geniculatus de Caracas, Venezuela.

INTRODUCTION: In recent years, the assassin bug, Panstrongylus geniculatus, has been found infected with Trypanosoma cruzi in rural and urban areas of Caracas, Venezuela. Although historically this insect has been considered a forest species, it has become adapted to more urban artificial environments. OBJECTIVE: The presence of sexual dimorphism was determined as an indicator of adaptation to domiciles. MATERIAL AND METHODS: By Generalized Procrustes Analysis (GPA) and Elliptical Fourier Analysis (EFA), the isometric size and shape of wings, head and pronotums of P. geniculatus was assessed for actively and passively captured specimens. These were collected within domiciles in urban areas of Petare and Altagracia in Caracas City, and from rural or wild environments of Sanare in Andres Eloy Blanco in the state of Lara. RESULTS: Sexual dimorphism was observed in the Sanare specimens, with female wings consistently larger than male wings. Similarly, female wings and heads from bugs captured in Caracas were smaller than those of female bugs captured in Sanare. No significative differences in the conformation of the pronotum were found between male and female bugs. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the assumption that the sexual dimorphism of bugs is reflected by smaller size in domesticated triatomines than in wild bugs, the conclusion is that Caracas P. geniculatus has become adapted to living indoors. This represents an additional risk factor for the Chagas disease transmission in Caracas.

Persistence of Chagas disease active transmission among dogs in Venezuela rural community / Persistencia de la enfermedad de Chagas y trasmisión activa entre perros en una comunidad rural de Venezuela

Objective: To determine human and canine seroprevalence, entomologic indexes and risk factors for Chagas’ disease transmission in a rural community. Method: 48 houses, 162 people, and 55 canines were sampled. Serum anti-Trypanosoma cruzi antibodies were determined by means of ELISA and MABA techniques using recombinant antigens. Triatomine collection were carried out by passive search by community and an active/systematic house, T. cruzi infection was determined by direct microcopy. Results: 2,47% of the humans and 18.18% of the canines were positive to serum anti-T.cruzi antibodies. The triatomine bugs found was 98.24% and 1.76% Eratyrus mucronatus. Vector’s indexes were: 0 % vector infection, 18.75% indoor house infestation, 25% outdoor house infestation, 0% indoor house colonization, 83.33 % outdoor house colonization and 4.16% house co-infestation. We obtained an association between house triatomine infestation and visualization of wild animals in the house. Discussion: there are not vector transmission of Chagas disease in the community, however, high dog’s prevalence is related to their biological habits and behavior.

Objetivo: Determinar la seroprevalencia humana y canina del índice entomológico y factores de riesgo para la transmisión de la enfermedad de Chagas en una comunidad rural. Materiales y Método: Se incluyeron 48 casas, 162 personas, y se tomaron muestras de 55 caninos. se determinaron anticuerpos séricos anti-Trypanosoma cruzi mediante técnicas de ELISA y MABA, utilizando antígenos recombinantes. La recolección de triatominos se llevó a cabo mediante búsqueda pasiva sistemática en la comunidad y casas. La infección por T. cruzi se determinó mediante microscopia directa. Resultados: El 2,47 % de los humanos y 18,18 % de los caninos fueron positivos al suero anti-T.cruzi. Los triatominos encontrados fueron T. maculata (98,24 %) y Eratyrus mucronatus (1,76%). No hubo infección vectorial, el 18,75 % de infestación intradomiciliaria, 25 % de infestación extradomiciliaria, no hubo colonización intradomiciliar, el 83,33 % de colonización extradomiciliar y el 4,16 % de infestación intradomiciliar. Se obtuvo una asociación entre infestación intradomiciliar por triatominos y la visualización de los animales en la casa. Discusión: No se observo transmisión vectorial de la enfermedad de Chagas en la comunidad, sin embargo, la alta prevalencia en perros está relacionada con sus hábitos biológicos y el comportamiento.

Description of the cave organ in three species of the genus Belminus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) by optical and scanning electron microscopy.

The cave organ is a sensory receptor in the antenna pedicel of some Reduviidae. This paper describes this organ for the first time in three species of the genus Belminus, Belminus corredori, Belminus ferroae and Belminus herreri, by optical and scanning electron microscopy. The structures presented a general pattern similar to one reported for other species of Triatominae.

[Seroprevalence for Trypanosoma cruzi infection and associated factors in an endemic area of Venezuela]. / Seroprevalencia de la infección por Trypanosoma cruzi y factores asociados en un área endémica de Venezuela.

This study investigated risk factors associated with positive serological status for Trypanosoma cruzi antibodies in 26 rural communities including 905 households, 2,156 humans, and 333 dogs in Lara State, Venezuela. Serology was performed with ELISA and MABA. Data were obtained from entomological, demographic, and clinical surveys. Risk factors were determined through binary logistic regression. Seroprevalence was 7.24% in humans and 6.9% in canines. Positive serological status was positively associated with the Rhodnius prolixus vector, age, maternal history of Chagas disease, tobacco chewing, presence of mammals and birds in the household, household disarray, mud-and-wattle outbuildings, and animal nests and burrows in the peridomicile, and negatively associated with tobacco and alcohol consumption, history of cancer, and storage deposits in the peridomile. In conclusion, Chagas disease in this rural area is an old phenomenon transmitted by R. prolixus or by the transplacental route, associated with socio-cultural habits related to poverty, sylvatic surroundings, and the host's medical history.

Seroprevalencia de la infección por Trypanosoma cruzi y factores asociados en un área endémica de Venezuela / Seroprevalence for Trypanosoma cruzi infection and associated factors in an endemic area of Venezuela

This study investigated risk factors associated with positive serological status for Trypanosoma cruzi antibodies in 26 rural communities including 905 households, 2,156 humans, and 333 dogs in Lara State, Venezuela. Serology was performed with ELISA and MABA. Data were obtained from entomological, demographic, and clinical surveys. Risk factors were determined through binary logistic regression. Seroprevalence was 7.24 percent in humans and 6.9 percent in canines. Positive serological status was positively associated with the Rhodnius prolixus vector, age, maternal history of Chagas disease, tobacco chewing, presence of mammals and birds in the household, household disarray, mud-and-wattle outbuildings, and animal nests and burrows in the peridomicile, and negatively associated with tobacco and alcohol consumption, history of cancer, and storage deposits in the peridomile. In conclusion, Chagas disease in this rural area is an old phenomenon transmitted by R. prolixus or by the transplacental route, associated with socio-cultural habits related to poverty, sylvatic surroundings, and the host's medical history.

Determinamos factores de riesgo asociados a la seropositividad para anticuerpos anti-Trypanosoma cruzi en 26 poblaciones rurales, 905 viviendas, 2.156 individuos y 333 caninos en el Estado Lara, Venezuela. La seropositividad fue determinada mediante ELISA y MABA. Los datos fueron obtenidos mediante encuestas entomológicas, demográficas y médicas. Los factores de riesgo fueron establecidos mediante regresión logística binaria. La seroprevalencia humana fue de 7,24 por ciento y la canina 6,9 por ciento. La seropositividad estuvo asociada positivamente al Rhodnius prolixus, la edad, madre con antecedentes de Chagas, consumo de chimó, presencia de mamíferos y aves en la vivienda, desorden en el domicilio, y anexos de bajareque, nidos y cuevas en el peridomicilio. Negativamente con hábitos de consumo de tabaco y alcohol, antecedentes de cáncer y a depósitos en el peridomicilio. En conclusión, la enfermedad de Chagas en el área rural estudiada es un fenómeno remoto transmitida por R. prolixus y vía transplacentaria, asociada a hábitos socioculturales relacionados con la pobreza, a entornos selváticos y antecedentes médicos del huésped.

Description of the cave organ in three species of the genus Belminus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) by optical and scanning electron microscopy

The cave organ is a sensory receptor in the antenna pedicel of some Reduviidae. This paper describes this organ for the first time in three species of the genus Belminus, Belminus corredori, Belminus ferroae and Belminus herreri, by optical and scanning electron microscopy. The structures presented a general pattern similar to one reported for other species of Triatominae.

Análisis morfométrico de Panstrongylus geniculatus de Caracas, Venezuela / Morphometric analysis of Panstrongylus geniculatus (Heteroptera: Reduviidae) from Caracas City, Venezuela

Introducción. En años recientes se han encontrado P. geniculatus infectados con Trypanosoma cruzi en ambientes rurales y urbanos de Caracas, Venezuela, lo que indica adaptaciones de dicha especie, considerada históricamente como silvestre, a ambientes artificiales. Objetivo. Determinar la presencia de dimorfismo sexual como indicador de adaptación al domicilio. Materiales y métodos. Mediante análisis generalizado de Procrustes y análisis elíptico de Fourier, se analizaron el tamaño isométrico y la conformación de alas, cabezas y pronotos de P. geniculatus capturados activa y pasivamente en domicilios en sectores urbanos de Altagracia y Petare de Caracas, y provenientes de ambientes rurales o silvestres de Sanare en el municipio Andrés Eloy Blanco en el estado Lara. Resultados. Se observó dimorfismo sexual al considerar el tamaño de las alas en los especímenes capturados en Sanare, las cuales fueron mayores en las hembras que los machos. Asimismo, las alas y cabezas de las hembras capturadas en Caracas fueron más pequeñas comparadas con las de las hembras provenientes de Sanare. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en cuanto a la conformación del pronoto. Conclusiones. Con base en el supuesto de que, por dimorfismo sexual, el tamaño es más reducido en triatominos domiciliados que en los silvestres, se concluye que P. geniculatus de Caracas están adaptados al domicilio, lo que constituye un factor de riesgo en la transmisión de la enfermedad de Chagas en dicha ciudad.

Introduction. In recent years, the assassin bug, Panstrongylus geniculatus, has been found infected with Trypanosoma cruzi in rural and urban areas of Caracas, Venezuela. Although historically this insect has been considered a forest species, it has become adapted to more urban artificial environments. Objective. The presence of sexual dimorphism was determined as an indicator of adaptation to domicilies. Material and methods. By Generalized Procrustes Analysis (GPA) and Elliptical Fourier Analysis (EFA), the isometric size and shape of wings, head and pronotums of P. geniculatus was assessed for actively and passively captured specimens. These were collected within domiciles in urban areas of Petare and Altagracia in Caracas City, and from rural or wild environments of Sanare in Andres Eloy Blanco in the state of Lara. Results. Sexual dimorphism was observed in the Sanare specimens, with female wings consistently larger than male wings. Similarly, female wings and heads from bugs captured in Caracas were smaller than those of female bugs captured in Sanare. No significative differences in the conformation of the pronotum were found between male and female bugs. Conclusions. Based on the assumption that the sexual dimorphism of bugs is reflected by smaller size in domesticated triatomines than in wild bugs, the conclusion is that Caracas P. geniculatus has become adapted to living indoors. This represents an additional risk factor for the Chagas disease transmission in Caracas.

[Viability and spatial structuring in a Triatoma maculata (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) laboratory colony fed with human blood]. / Evaluación de la estructura espacial de Triatoma maculata del centro-occidente de Venezuela y su viabilidad alimentado con sangre humana en condiciones de laboratorio.

INTRODUCTION: Immature and adult forms of Triatoma maculata have been captured repeatedly in and around the homes in the town of Xaguas, Venezuela. Because of its potential as a Chagas disease vector, a study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of human blood feeding on the viability and spatial structuring of a laboratory colony of this species. OBJECTIVE: The effect of human blood feeding was determined for the viability of a T. maculata laboratory colony, as well as its spatial structuring. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Insects were fed with human blood on artificial feeder. Spatial structuring was undertaken by the generalized analysis of by geometric morphometry. RESULTS: The average fecundity of 27.7 eggs/female/lifetime was found, with a mean time to oviposition of 32.7 days, and a female longevity of 39.2 days. The longest inter-molt period was at the fifth nymphal stage (45.9 days), whereas the shortest was at 18.4 days, during the first nymphal stage. The highest mortality of nymphs was observed at the fifth nymphal stage (77.8%). The lowest molting percentage was observed in the fifth nymphal stage (22.2%). No differences in the size of wings and heads were detectable; although differences in the head shape of individuals of the same sex from different environments were noted. Wing-shape differences were found only between the males of peridomestic and domestic ecotopes. CONCLUSIONS: Triatoma maculata may be entering human dwellings to feed on non-human animals, or alternatively, may be in an incipient state of adaptation to a domestic ecotope for feeding on human beings.

Evaluación de la estructura espacial de Triatoma maculata del centro-occidente de Venezuela y su viabilidad alimentado con sangre humana en condiciones de laboratorio / Viability and spatial structuring in a Triatoma maculata (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) laboratory colony fed with human blood

Introducción. Dado el reiterado hallazgo de adultos y formas inmaduras de Triatoma maculata capturados en domicilios y peridomicilios en la localidad de Xaguas (Venezuela), se analizó la viabilidad de una colonia de laboratorio de esta especie alimentada con sangre humana y su estructura espacial. Objetivos. Analizar la viabilidad del ciclo de T. maculata alimentado con sangre humana en condiciones de laboratorio y caracterizar la estructura espacial de una población de T. maculata proveniente de ambientes domiciliarios y peridomiciliarios del centro-occidente de Venezuela. Materiales y métodos. La alimentación con sangre humana se llevó a cabo en lotes por estadio, utilizando un alimentador artificial, y la estructura espacial de los insectos por sexo y ambiente fue analizada mediante morfometría geométrica. Resultados. Los hallazgos fueron: fecundidad promedio, 27,70 huevos/hembra/vida, tiempo promedio de postura de huevos, 32,74 días, y longevidad promedio de la hembra, 39,15 días; el mayor tiempo en V estadio fue de 45,9 días y el menor en I estadio, 18,41 días; la mayor mortalidad fue de 77,78% y el menor porcentaje de muda en V estadio, de 22,23%.No se encontraron diferencias en el tamaño de alas y cabezas; sí se encontraron diferencias de conformación entre las cabezas de un mismo sexo de diferentes hábitats; sólo se encontraron diferencias de conformación de alas entre los machos del domicilio y peridomicilio. Conclusiones. T. maculata de la localidad de Xaguas podría encontrarse en un estado de adaptación al domicilio con fuentes sanguíneas diferentes al humano y en un estado incipiente de adaptación al domicilio con la sangre humana como fuente de alimentación.

Introduction. Immature and adult forms of Triatoma maculata have been captured repeatedly in and around the homes in the town of Xaguas, Venezuela. Because of its potential as a Chagas disease vector, a study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of human blood feeding on the viability and spatial structuring of a laboratory colony of this species. Objective. The effect of human blood feeding was determined for the viability of a T. maculata laboratory colony, as well as its spatial structuring. Material and methods. Insects were fed with human blood on artificial feeder. Spatial structuring was undertaken by the generalized analysis of by geometric morphometry. Results. The average fecundity of 27.7 eggs/female/lifetime was found, with a mean time to oviposition of 32.7 days, and a female longevity of 39.2 days. The longest inter-molt period was at the fifth nymphal stage (45.9 days), whereas the shortest was at 18.4 days, during the first nymphal stage. The highest mortality of nymphs was observed at the fifth nymphal stage (77.8%). The lowest molting percentage was observed in the fifth nymphal stage (22.2%). No differences in the size of wings and heads were detectable; although differences in the head shape of individuals of the same sex from different environments were noted. Wing-shape differences were found only between the males of peridomestic and domestic ecotopes.

[An entomological and seroepidemiological study of Chagas' disease in an area in central-western Venezuela infested with Triatoma maculata (Erichson 1848)]. / Estudio seroepidemiológico y entomológico sobre la enfermedad de Chagas en un área infestada por Triatoma maculata (Erichson 1848) en el centro-occidente de Venezuela.

This article presents a study on seroepidemiological, entomologic, and risk factors for domiciliary infestation in a circumscribed area infested with Triatoma maculata in Parroquia Xaguas, Urdaneta Municipality, Lara State, Venezuela. One hundred and forty households, 509 persons, and 110 dogs were sampled. Serum anti-Trypanosoma cruzi antibodies were determined by means of ELISA and MABA techniques using recombinant antigens. Tr. cruzi infection in the triatomines was determined by direct microscopy and PCR. According to the results, 1.57% of humans and 6.36% of dogs were positive for serum anti-Tr. cruzi antibodies. Triatomine species were: 97.98% T. maculata, 1.65% Eratyrus mucronatus, and 0.37% Panstrongylus geniculatus. Vector indices were: 0.36% vector infection, 16.4% household infestation, 39.1% household colonization, 8.6% household co-infestation, and 100% vector dispersion. Domiciliary and peridomiciliary infestation was associated with the presence of chickens and disorderly goat corrals, chicken coops, and domiciliary distribution. The results strongly suggest that T. maculata is the predominant Tr. cruzi vector in the area and that due to its capacity to infest and colonize human dwellings, it could be involved in Chagas' disease transmission.

Estudio seroepidemiológico y entomológico sobre la enfermedad de Chagas en un área infestada por Triatoma maculata (Erichson 1848) en el centro-occidente de Venezuela / An entomological and seroepidemiological study of Chagas' disease in an area in central-western Venezuela infested with Triatoma maculata (Erichson 1848)

En el presente trabajo se realizó un estudio seroepidemiológico, entomológico y de factores de riesgo para la infestación de las viviendas en un área infestada por Triatoma maculata (Parroquia Xaguas, Municipio Urdaneta, Estado Lara, Venezuela). Se muestrearon 140 viviendas, 509 personas y 110 cánidos, a los cuales se les determinó anticuerpos séricos anti-Trypanosoma cruzi mediante ELISA y MABA, utilizando antígenos recombinantes. La infección por Tr. cruzi de los triatominos fue determinada por microscopía óptica y PCR. Los resultados mostraron una seroprevalencia en humanos de 1,57 por ciento y en cánidos de 6,36 por ciento. De los 545 triatominos capturados 97,98 por ciento fueron T. maculata, 1,65 por ciento Eratyrus mucronatus y 0,37 por ciento Panstrongylus geniculatus; con índices vectoriales de infección 0,36 por ciento, infestación 16,4 por ciento, colonización 39,1 por ciento, coinfestación 8,6 por ciento y dispersión 100 por ciento. La presencia de vectores en el domicilio y peridomicilio estuvo asociada a la presencia de gallinas, desorden en el peridomicilio, caprinos, gallineros y/o distribución del domicilio. Los resultados permiten concluir que T. maculata es el vector predominante en la región, con capacidad de infestar y colonizar el domicilio y estaría involucrado en la transmisión de la enfermedad de Chagas.

This article presents a study on seroepidemiological, entomologic, and risk factors for domiciliary infestation in a circumscribed area infested with Triatoma maculata in Parroquia Xaguas, Urdaneta Municipality, Lara State, Venezuela. One hundred and forty households, 509 persons, and 110 dogs were sampled. Serum anti-Trypanosoma cruzi antibodies were determined by means of ELISA and MABA techniques using recombinant antigens. Tr. cruzi infection in the triatomines was determined by direct microscopy and PCR. According to the results, 1.57 percent of humans and 6.36 percent of dogs were positive for serum anti-Tr. cruzi antibodies. Triatomine species were: 97.98 percent T. maculata, 1.65 percent Eratyrus mucronatus, and 0.37 percent Panstrongylus geniculatus. Vector indices were: 0.36 percent vector infection, 16.4 percent household infestation, 39.1 percent household colonization, 8.6 percent household co-infestation, and 100 percent vector dispersion. Domiciliary and peridomiciliary infestation was associated with the presence of chickens and disorderly goat corrals, chicken coops, and domiciliary distribution. The results strongly suggest that T. maculata is the predominant Tr. cruzi vector in the area and that due to its capacity to infest and colonize human dwellings, it could be involved in Chagas' disease transmission.

Infección natural de Panstrongylus rufotuberculatus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) al sureste del estado Lara Venezuela / Natural infection of Panstrongylus rufotuberculatus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) at Southheastern of Lara state Venezuela

Se señala la presencia de Panstrongylus rufotuberculatus (Champion, 1899), naturalmente infectados con Trypanosoma cruzi, capturados dentro de las casas en la población montañosa de La Cruz a 1200 msnm, siendo el primer reporte de esta especie en el municipio Andrés Eloy Blanco del estado Lara, Venezuela.

Characteristics of plasminogen binding to Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes.

The binding constants of the interaction between plasminogen and Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes were determined. An indirect method in which the bound plasminogen is detached from the cell by epsilon-aminocaproic acid and a direct method through biotinylated plasminogen were used. The analyses revealed a dissociation constant (Kd) from 0.4 to 1.2microM, these values being compatible with recognition in vivo. Moreover, epimastigotes from the gut of Rhodnius prolixus were able to bind plasminogen from the blood meal. Fragments derived from elastase digestion of plasminogen were tested for their ability to bind T. cruzi cells. The fragment with highest ability to interact with the parasite was miniplasminogen that bound in a concentration-dependent and saturable manner with a Kd similar to that for plasminogen. This binding was inhibited by epsilon-aminocaproic acid indicating that the lysine-binding site of kringle 5 may be responsible for the interaction of plasminogen with T. cruzi.