Metalloproteins structural and functional insights into immunological patterns.

Metalloproteins play a crucial role in regulating different aspects of the immune system in humans. They have various functions in immunity, including recognizing and presenting antigens, aiding in the movement and effectiveness of immune cells, and facilitating interactions between the host and pathogens. Understanding how these proteins work can help us develop new methods to control the immune response in different diseases. Metalloproteins contain metal ions in their structure, which allows them to perform these diverse functions. They encompass a wide range of enzymes, signaling molecules, and structural proteins that utilize metal ions as cofactors for their activities. Examples of metalloproteins include superoxide dismutase, catalase, and metalloproteases, which regulate oxidative stress, inflammation, and tissue remodelling processes associated with immune activation. By studying their functions and the effects of their dysfunction, researchers can develop strategies to improve immune function and combat various diseases. This review explores the diverse functions of metalloproteins in immune processes, highlighting their significance in both health and disease.

Evaluation of the toxicological properties of Himantura imbricata Venom using a zebrafish model (Danio rerio).

The stingrays of the genus Himantura imbricata are present in all of the world's oceans, but the toxicity of their venoms has not yet been thoroughly characterized. The zebrafish as a toxicology model can be used for general toxicity testing of drugs and the investigation of toxicological mechanisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of crude venom from the stingray H. imbricata on the zebrafish Danio rerio. Juvenile zebrafish were injected with different concentrations of venom from H. imbricata via subcutaneous injections. The venom's effects were established via histological examination and hemolytic activity in zebrafish. The histopathological analysis revealed significant tissue damage in the organs of the zebrafish injected with venom, including liver necrosis and kidney degeneration. A blood examination revealed echinocytes, hemolysis, and nuclear abnormalities. Bodyweight estimations and histopathological attributes of the gills, heart, muscle, liver, intestine, eye, and brain were determined. The histological staining studies of the gills, liver, and intestine were measurably higher in the venom groups compared with the other two groups. Aggregately, the result shows that zebrafish may act as a valuable biomarker for alterations impelled by H. imbricata venom. The work delivers a useful model with substantial pharmacological potential for new drugs and a better comprehension of research on stingray venom.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticle prepared with Ocimum species and assessment of anticancer potential.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have gained much attention due to their unique physical, and chemical properties. Integration of phytochemicals in nanoformulation might have higher applicability in healthcare. Current work demonstrates the synthesis of green AgNPs with O. gratissimum (gr-AgNPs) O. tenuiflorum (te-AgNPs) and O. americanum (am-AgNPs) followed by an evaluation of their antimicrobial and anticancer properties. SEM analysis revealed spherical-shaped particles with average particle sizes of 69.0 ± 5 nm for te-AgNPs, 46.9 ± 9 nm for gr-AgNPs, and 58.5 ± 18.7 nm for am-AgNPs with a polydispersity index below 0.4. The synthesized am-AgNPs effectively inhibited Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus niger, and Candida albicans with 23 ± 1.58 mm, 20 ± 1.68 mm, 22 ± 1.80 mm, 26 ± 1.85 mm, and 22 ± 1.40 nm of zone of inhibition respectively. Synthesized AgNPs also induced apoptotic cell death in MCF-7 in concentration-dependent manner. IC50 values for am-AgNPs, te-AgNPs, and gr-AgNPs were 14.78 ± 0.89 µg, 18.04 ± 0.63 and 15.41 ± 0.37 µg respectively which suggested that am-AgNPs were the most effective against cancer. At higher dose size (20 µg) AgNPs were equally effective to commercial standard Doxorubicin (DOX). In comparison to te-AgNPs and gr-AgNPs, am-AgNPs have higher in vitro anticancer and antimicrobial effects. The work reported Ocimum americanum for its anticancer properties with chemical profile (GCMS) and compared it with earlier reported species. The activity against microbial pathogens and selected cancer cells clearly depicted that these species have distinct variations in activity. The results have also emphasized on higher potential of biogenic silver nanoparticles in healthcare but before formulation of commercial products, detailed analysis is required with human and animal models.