Ethnic and social inequalities in COVID-19 outcomes in Scotland: protocol for early pandemic evaluation and enhanced surveillance of COVID-19 (EAVE II).

INTRODUCTION: Evidence from previous pandemics, and the current COVID-19 pandemic, has found that risk of infection/severity of disease is disproportionately higher for ethnic minority groups, and those in lower socioeconomic positions. It is imperative that interventions to prevent the spread of COVID-19 are targeted towards high-risk populations. We will investigate the associations between social characteristics (such as ethnicity, occupation and socioeconomic position) and COVID-19 outcomes and the extent to which characteristics/risk factors might explain observed relationships in Scotland.The primary objective of this study is to describe the epidemiology of COVID-19 by social factors. Secondary objectives are to (1) examine receipt of treatment and prevention of COVID-19 by social factors; (2) quantify ethnic/social differences in adverse COVID-19 outcomes; (3) explore potential mediators of relationships between social factors and SARS-CoV-2 infection/COVID-19 prognosis; (4) examine whether occupational COVID-19 differences differ by other social factors and (5) assess quality of ethnicity coding within National Health Service datasets. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: We will use a national cohort comprising the adult population of Scotland who completed the 2011 Census and were living in Scotland on 31 March 2020 (~4.3 million people). Census data will be linked to the Early Assessment of Vaccine and Anti-Viral Effectiveness II cohort consisting of primary/secondary care, laboratory data and death records. Sensitivity/specificity and positive/negative predictive values will be used to assess coding quality of ethnicity. Descriptive statistics will be used to examine differences in treatment and prevention of COVID-19. Poisson/Cox regression analyses and mediation techniques will examine ethnic and social differences, and drivers of inequalities in COVID-19. Effect modification (on additive and multiplicative scales) between key variables (such as ethnicity and occupation) will be assessed. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethical approval was obtained from the National Research Ethics Committee, South East Scotland 02. We will present findings of this study at international conferences, in peer-reviewed journals and to policy-makers.

HIV/AIDS: perceptions of the Grenadian faith-based community / VIH/SIDA: percepciones de la comunidad de fe Granadina

OBJECTIVE: This exploratory study conducted in 2008 aimed at gathering the views and opinions of leaders of the faith-based community (FBC) in Grenada about the increased incidence of HIV/AIDS in the Caribbean region including their beliefs and attitudes towards persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIV/AIDS). DESIGN AND METHODS: The study followed a cross-sectional design and used a qualitative approach. Telephone surveys were conducted with all faith-based organizations and semi-structured interviews done with key leaders representing the faith-based community in Grenada. RESULTS: Findings showed that perceptions of HIV/AIDS are embedded in a socio-political-cultural context where many risk behaviours and factors intertwine in complex ways. Religious beliefs are based on love, compassion and acceptance. The most prominent risk behaviours associated with the spread of HIV/AIDS identified by leaders are homosexuality, prostitution, promiscuity and substance abuse which are in direct contradiction to their beliefs and teachings. Leaders felt that these risk behaviours were exacerbated by changes in family structure and the absence of a common moral discourse shared by all sectors of society. CONCLUSION: The faith-based community has a significant presence across Grenada and it can be an effective partner in helping communities understand and prevent HIV/AIDS and overcome the stigma and discrimination associated with this disease. Training and effective strategies are needed to engage them in the national response to HIV/AIDS without threatening their ideologies and practices.

OBJETIVO: Este estudio exploratorio realizado en 2008 tuvo por objetivo recoger los puntos de vistas y opiniones de líderes de la comunidad de fe en Granada, acerca del aumento de la incidencia de VIH/SIDA en la región caribena, incluyendo sus creencias y actitudes hacia personas que viven con VIH/SIDA (PLVIH/SIDA). DISEÑO Y MÉTODOS: El estudio tuvo por base un diseno transversal y un enfoque cualitativo. Se llevaron a cabo encuestas telefónicas con todas las organizaciones de fe y se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a líderes importantes, representantes de la comunidad defe en Granada. RESULTADOS: Los hallazgos mostraron que las percepciones del VIH/SIDA se hallan embebidas en un contexto socio-político-cultural en el que múltiples comportamientos y factores de riesgo se entrelazan deformas complejas. Las creencias religiosas se basan en el amor, la compasión y la aceptación. Los comportamientos de riesgo más sobresalientes asociados con la diseminación del VIH/SIDA, identificados por los líderes fueron la homosexualidad, la prostitución, la promiscuidad, y el abuso de substancias que están en la contradicción directa con sus creencias y ensenanzas. Los líderes sentían que estas conductas de riesgo se hallaban exacerbadas por los cambios en la estructura de la familia y la ausencia de un discurso moral común compartido por todos los sectores de la sociedad. CONCLUSIÓN: La comunidad de fe tiene una presencia significativa en toda Granada y puede ser un aliado eficaz a la hora de ayudar a las comunidades a entender y prevenir el VIH/SIDA, así como a superar el estigma y la discriminación asociados con esta enfermedad. Se necesitan entrenamiento y estrategias efectivas para comprometer a las comunidades de fe a una respuesta nacional frente al VIH/SIDA, sin amenazar sus prácticas e ideologías.

HIV/AIDS: perceptions of the Grenadian faith-based community.

OBJECTIVE: This exploratory study conducted in 2008 aimed at gathering the views and opinions of leaders of the faith-based community (FBC) in Grenada about the increased incidence of HIV/AIDS in the Caribbean region including their beliefs and attitudes towards persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIV/AIDS). DESIGN AND METHODS: The study followed a cross-sectional design and used a qualitative approach. Telephone surveys were conducted with all faith-based organizations and semi-structured interviews done with key leaders representing the faith-based community in Grenada. RESULTS: Findings showed that perceptions of HIV/AIDS are embedded in a socio-political-cultural context where many risk behaviours and factors intertwine in complex ways. Religious beliefs are based on love, compassion and acceptance. The most prominent risk behaviours associated with the spread of HIV/AIDS identified by leaders are homosexuality, prostitution, promiscuity and substance abuse which are in direct contradiction to their beliefs and teachings. Leaders felt that these risk behaviours were exacerbated by changes in family structure and the absence of a common moral discourse shared by all sectors of society. CONCLUSION: The faith-based community has a significant presence across Grenada and it can be an effective partner in helping communities understand and prevent HIV/AIDS and overcome the stigma and discrimination associated with this disease. Training and effective strategies are needed to engage them in the national response to HIV/AIDS without threatening their ideologies and practices.