Flexible nano-liposomes-encapsulated recombinant UL8-siRNA (r/si-UL8) based on bioengineering strategy inhibits herpes simplex virus-1 infection.

Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) infection can cause various diseases and the current therapeutics have limited efficacy. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) therapeutics are a promising approach against infectious diseases by targeting the viral mRNAs directly. Recently, we employed a novel tRNA scaffold to produce recombinant siRNA agents with few natural posttranscriptional modifications. In this study, we aimed to develop a specific prodrug against HSV-1 infection based on siRNA therapeutics by bioengineering technology. We screened and found that UL8 of the HSV-1 genome was an ideal antiviral target based on RNAi. Next, we used a novel bio-engineering approach to manufacture recombinant UL8-siRNA (r/si-UL8) in Escherichia coli with high purity and activity. The r/si-UL8 was selectively processed to mature si-UL8 and significantly reduced the number of infectious virions in human cells. r/si-UL8 delivered by flexible nano-liposomes significantly decreased the viral load in the skin and improved the survival rate in the preventive mouse zosteriform model. Furthermore, r/si-UL8 also effectively inhibited HSV-1 infection in a 3D human epidermal skin model. Taken together, our results highlight that the novel siRNA bioengineering technology is a unique addition to the conventional approach for siRNA therapeutics and r/si-UL8 may be a promising prodrug for curing HSV-1 infection.

Plant beta-turnover rather than nestedness shapes overall taxonomic and phylogenetic beta-diversity triggered by favorable spatial-environmental conditions in large-scale Chinese grasslands.

Introduction: Although it is widely acknowledged that biodiversity maintains plant community assembly processes, exploring the patterns and drivers of beta-diversity (ß-diversity; species variation among local plant communities) has received much less attention compared to alpha-diversity (α-diversity; species variation within a local plant community). Here, we aim to examine the patterns and spatial-environmental drivers of taxonomic and phylogenetic ß-diversity, and their components such as species turnover and nestedness, in large-scale Leymus chinensis grassland communities. Methods: We collected plant community data from 166 sites across widely distributed L. chinensis communities in northern China, and then calculated the taxonomic and phylogenetic ß-diversity indices (overall, turnover and nestedness) using a pairwise dissimilarity approach. To assess the effects and to explain the variation in the patterns of ß-diversity, we collected data on geospatial, climate and soil conditions. We applied descriptive statistics, Mental correlations, and multiple linear regression models to assess the patterns and spatial-environmental drivers of ß-diversity. Results: The ß-turnover, as compared to ß-nestedness, exhibited a predominant influence, constituting 92.6% of the taxonomic ß-diversity and 80.4% of the phylogenetic ß-diversity. Most of the spatial-environmental variables were significantly positively correlated with the overall taxonomic and phylogenetic ß-diversity and ß-turnover, but not with ß-nestedness. Climatic factors such as MAP and MAT were the strongest predictors of both taxonomic and phylogenetic ß-diversity and ß-turnover. The variance partitioning analysis showed that the combined effects of spatial and environmental factors accounted for 19% and 16% of the variation in the taxonomic and phylogenetic ß-diversity (overall), 17% and 12% of the variation in the ß-turnover, and 7% and 1% of the variation in the ß-nestedness, respectively, which were higher than independent effects of either spatial or environmental factors. Discussion: At larger spatial scales, the turnover component of ß-diversity may be associated with the species complementarity effect, but dominant or functionally important species can vary among communities due to the species selection effect. By incorporating ß-diversity into grassland management strategies, we can enhance the provision of vital ecosystem services that bolster human welfare, serving as a resilient barrier against the adverse effects of climate change at regional and global scales.

Correlation between allergic rhinitis or hay fever and lung cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The association between allergies and cancer is contradictory, whereas some forms of cancer have inverse associations with allergies. Allergic rhinitis (AR) is the most prevalent form of allergy, and lung cancer is one of the most prevalent forms of cancer with the highest mortality rate. Recent studies have reported a positive association between asthma and lung cancer; however, this association is inconclusive. Furthermore, AR is positively associated with asthma; therefore, our research question was to explore whether there is any correlation between AR and lung cancer epidemiologically. METHODS: After a rigorous search of PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect, 7 eligible articles were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis, including 4724 cases and 9059 controls, 5 from the USA, and one each from Canada and Germany. RESULTS: Pooled analysis (OR, 0.55; 95% CI: 0.45-0.68; P value < .00001) showed a strong inverse relationship between AR and lung cancer. CONCLUSION: The current meta-analysis suggests an inverse relationship between AR and lung cancer; however, new epidemiological studies are required to observe the current scenario more comprehensively.

A superabsorbent and pH-responsive copolymer-hydrogel based on acemannan from Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis M.): A smart material for drug delivery.

Combining natural polysaccharides with synthetic materials improves their functional properties which are essential for designing sustained-release drug delivery systems. In this context, the Aloe vera leaf mucilage/hydrogel (ALH) was reacted with acrylic acid (AA) to synthesize a copolymerized hydrogel, i.e., ALH-grafted-Polyacrylic acid (ALH-g-PAA) through free radical copolymerization. Concentrations of the crosslinker N,N'-methylene-bis-acrylamide (MBA), and the initiator potassium persulfate (KPS) were optimized to study their effects on ALH-g-PAA swelling. The FTIR and solid-state NMR (CP/MAS 13C NMR) spectra witnessed the formation of ALH-g-PAA. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed superporous nature of ALH-g-PAA. The gel fraction (%) of ALH-g-PAA was directly related to the concentrations of AA and MBA whereas the sol fraction was inversely related to the concentrations of AA and MBA. The porosity (%) of ALH-g-PAA directly depends on the concentration of AA and MBA. The ALH-g-PAA swelled admirably at pH 7.4 and insignificantly at pH 1.2. The ALH-g-PAA offered on/off switching properties at pH 7.4/1.2. The metoprolol tartrate was loaded on different formulations of ALH-g-PAA. The ALH-g-PAA showed pH, time, and swelling-dependent release of metoprolol tartrate (MT) for 24 h following the first-order kinetic and Korsmeyer-Peppas model. Haemocompatibility studies ascertained the non-thrombogenic and non-hemolytic behavior of ALH-g-PAA.

Citric acid cross-linking of a hydrogel from Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis M.) engenders a pH-responsive, superporous, and smart material for drug delivery.

The current research work is based on the evaluation of a citric acid (CA) cross-linked Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis M.) leaf hydrogel (CL-ALH) for pH-dependent and sustained drug release application. The CA was used in different concentrations (1.25, 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0%) to cross-link the ALH using homogenous reaction conditions. The synthesis of CL-ALH was confirmed through Fourier transform and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic studies. The thermal analysis indicated that the ALH and CL-ALH were stable and decomposed in two steps. The scanning electron microscopic images of CL-ALH confirmed its porous nature due to the presence of interconnected channeling. The swelling of CL-ALH was evaluated at pH 1.2, 6.8, and 7.4 as well as in deionized water (DW). High swelling of CL-ALH was observed in DW, and at pH 7.4 and 6.8 whereas, less swelling of CL-ALH was witnessed at pH 1.2. CL-ALH also exhibited swelling/deswelling behavior in DW and ethanol, DW and normal saline, and at pH 7.4 and 1.2. Tablets were prepared from CL-ALH as a release retarding agent demonstrating the sustained release of venlafaxine hydrochloride (VFX) for 8 h. Whereas, VFX was released within 4 h from the ALH-based tablet formulation (un-cross-linked material) indicating the prolonged and sustained release behavior of CL-ALH. The VFX was released from CL-ALH tablets and followed zero-order kinetics. The mechanism followed by VFX release from CL-ALH tablets was non-Fickian diffusion. The in vivo fate of the tablet formulation was observed through an X-ray study. The CL-ALH-based tablet safely passed through the stomach of a stray dog without any significant erosion and then disintegrated in the small intestine and colon. These findings confirmed that the CL-ALH is an effective excipient for designing a sustained-release drug delivery system for the small intestine and colon.

Optimization and characterization of hybrid bio-briquettes produced from the mixture of sawdust, sugarcane bagasse, and paddy straw.

Biomass briquetting is a viable densification technique that converts waste biomass materials into useful products and alternative energy. This work explores the characteristics and optimization of hybrid bio-briquette production by combining crop residues (paddy straw) and solid biomass materials (sawdust and sugarcane bagasse). A total number of 20 briquettes were fabricated with three input factors: sawdust (SD), sugarcane bagasse (SB), and paddy straw (PS) based on the faced-centered central composite design (FCCCD) approach in the laboratory to investigate the calorific value (CV) and ash content (AC). The bomb calorimeter technique was used to evaluate the briquette's calorific value and ash content. The proposed work focused on optimizing the briquette input parameters (SD, SB, and PS) and output responses (CV and AC) using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and response surface methodology (RSM) and hybrid artificial neural network-integrated with multi-objective genetic algorithms (ANN-MOGA). This study shows that the MOGA-ANN-based model results in the best value of CV (17.07 MJ/kg) and AC (1.95%) with optimal input parameters SD (39.99 g), SB (29.02 g), and PS (69.02 g). The optimal results observed from the MOGA-ANN model have also been validated experimentally. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy investigation reveals that biomass briquettes are the sustainable and environment-friendly option of fossil fuels for power generation and indoor cooking. The study suggests a strategy for minimizing agro-waste, which may be converted into future fuel in the form of briquettes.

Chemical modification of Aloe vera leaf hydrogel for efficient cadmium-removal from spiked high-hardness groundwater.

Herein, the hydrogel from the leaf of the Aloe vera plant (ALH) was succinylated (SALH) and saponified (NaSALH). The FTIR, solid-state CP/MAS 13C NMR, and SEM-EDX spectroscopic analyses witnessed the formation of SALH and NaSALH from ALH. The pHZPC for NaSALH was found to be 4.90, indicating the presence of -ve charge on its surface. The Cd2+ sorption efficiency of NaSALH was found to be dependent on pH, NaALH dose, Cd2+ concentration, contact time, and temperature. The maximum Cd2+ removal from DW and HGW was found to be 227.27 and 212.77 mg g-1 according to the Langmuir isothermal model (>0.99) at pH of 6, NaSALH dose of 40 mg g-1, Cd2+ concentration of 90 mg L-1, contact time of 30 min, and temperature of 298 K. The kinetic analysis of Cd2+ sorption data witnessed that the Cd2+ removal by chemisorption mechanism and followed pseudo-second-order kinetics (>0.99). The -ve values of ΔG° and ΔH° assessed the spontaneous and exothermic nature of sorption of Cd2+ by NaSALH. The regeneration and sorption/desorption studies indicated that the sorbent NaSALH is regenerable.

Role of albumin-induced volume expansion therapy for cerebral vasospasm in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: A systematic review.

Objectives: This study reviews the effect of albumin-induced volume expansion therapy on symptomatic vasospasm and clinical outcome in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). Materials and Methods: Computer searches carried out from the Scopus, Medline, Embase, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, and Internet documents; hand searching of medical journals; and review of reference lists. Randomized controlled trials (RCT) and observational studies (OSs) comparing albumin therapy in combination or alone with crystalloid therapy for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm in aSAH were included in the study. Risk-of-bias assessment was conducted using ROB2.0 and ROBINS-I tools for RCTs and Oss, respectively. Results: Out of a total of 1078 searches, one RCT (published in two articles) and one observational (retrospective) study were included for final analysis. In RCT, albumin was used for volume expansion therapy with a baseline crystalloid regime and comparison made between hypervolemic and normovolemic groups and it showed no beneficial effects on symptomatic vasospasm and clinical outcomes based on the Glasgow outcome scale. Furthermore, the use of albumin showed a tendency for sodium retention with lowering of glomerular filtration rate, limiting the amount of total fluid required for targeted central venous pressure values, and thereby avoiding fluid overload manifestations. The retrospective study results between albumin versus non-albumin groups (crystalloids only) supported improved outcomes in the former group with lower in-hospital mortality. Cardiorespiratory complications were equivocal in RCT and increased in non-albumin group in the retrospective study. Risk-of-bias assessment analyses revealed "some concerns" in RCT and "serious" limitation in OS due to its retrospective design. Conclusion: Albumin-induced volume expansion therapy for cerebral vasospasm does not have substantiative evidence to improve cerebral vasospasm and clinical outcomes in aSAH. Studies with well-designed RCTs are required to compare the use of albumin for volume expansion therapy versus standard fluid management using crystalloids to mitigate the scarcity of published data.

Delayed cervical spine metastasis from intracranial solitary fibrous tumor.

Cervical spine metastasis from primary intracranial solitary fibrous tumors (SFTs) is an extremely rare clinical entity. This report focuses on its metastatic tendency, radiological imaging, management plan, and follow-up strategies in view of its long latency period for metastasis. A 35-year-old female presented with right-side cervical radiculopathy. Magnetic resonance imaging spine showed C7 vertebral body collapse with retropulsion and neural compression. Two years ago, the patient had surgical resection of intracranial SFT (World Health Organization grade 3) with no evidence of recurrence on follow-up imaging. Cervical C7 metastasis has been decompressed and fused by the anterior cervical approach. Histopathology confirmed SFT metastasis to the spine, and the patient received adjuvant radiotherapy. Cervical metastasis from well-controlled primary intracranial SFT poses a significant challenge for its diagnostic and management planning. Serial pre-emptive surveillance is warranted with regular imaging and appropriate patient counseling.

Relationships between Phyllosphere Bacterial Communities and Leaf Functional Traits in a Temperate Forest.

As a vital component of biodiversity, phyllosphere bacteria in forest canopy play a critical role in maintaining plant health and influencing the global biogeochemical cycle. There is limited research on the community structure of phyllosphere bacteria in natural forests, which creates a gap in our understanding of whether and/or how phyllosphere bacteria are connected to leaf traits of their host. In this study, we investigated the bacterial diversity and composition of the canopy leaves of six dominant tree species in deciduous broad-leaved forests in northeastern China, using high-throughput sequencing. We then compare the differences in phyllosphere bacterial community structure and functional genes of dominant tree species. Fourteen key leaf functional traits of their host trees were also measured according to standard protocols to investigate the relationships between bacterial community composition and leaf functional traits. Our result suggested that tree species with closer evolutionary distances had similar phyllosphere microbial alpha diversity. The dominant phyla of phyllosphere bacteria were Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes. For these six tree species, the functional genes of phyllosphere bacteria were mainly involved in amino acid metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism processes. The redundancy and envfit analysis results showed that the functional traits relating to plant nutrient acquisition and resistance to diseases and pests (such as leaf area, isotope carbon content, and copper content) were the main factors influencing the community structure of phyllosphere bacteria. This study highlights the key role of plant interspecific genetic relationships and plant attributes in shaping phyllosphere bacterial diversity.

Does globalization matter in the relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth, evidence from Asian emerging economies.

The study aims to investigate the impact of social, economic and political globalization on the renewable energy-economic growth nexus in a panel of six Asian emerging economies over the period 1975-2020. The results of the CS-ARDL approach show that renewable energy consumption contributes significantly to long run economic growth. Economic and political globalization firmly hold back economic growth, while social globalization directly promotes economic growth. The nonlinear effects of political, social, and economic globalization on economic growth clearly demonstrate the validity of the inverted U-shaped relationship between political globalization, economic globalization, and economic growth, and the U-shaped relationship between social globalization and economic growth. The study also found that economic, social and political globalization moderated the impact of renewable energy on boosting economic growth. Based on the renewable energy consumption model, it is revealed that economic growth significantly promotes long run renewable energy consumption. Economic, social, and political globalization have significantly boosted long run renewable energy consumption. However, the nonlinear effect model reflects a U-shaped relationship between globalization indicators and renewable energy consumption. The interaction of political, economic, and social globalization with economic growth has also witnessed an increase in renewable energy consumption, which supports the scale effect hypothesis. The causality test concludes that there is a two-way causal relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth, thus supporting the feedback hypothesis. The policy implications for Asian emerging economies are discussed based on the empirical analysis of this study.

Links among population aging, economic globalization, per capita CO2 emission, and economic growth, evidence from East Asian countries.

Population aging, economic globalization, and economic growth simultaneously cause changes in environmental quality, but so far no studies have integrated these key factors into the same environmental policy framework. Thus, this study uses the more robust Westerlund cointegration test and the augmented mean group (AMG) estimator (robust to cross-sectional dependence (CD), heterogeneity, and endogeneity) to estimate the long-term relationship between population aging, economic globalization, economic growth, and per capita carbon emissions in East Asian countries during the period 1975-2018. The analysis results reflect that population aging significantly reduces the long-term per capita carbon emissions of specific East Asian countries. However, energy generation and economic globalization make significant contributions to long-run per capita carbon emissions. Moreover, the impact of economic growth on long-term per capita carbon emissions is significantly positive, while the impact of square of economic growth on long-run per capita carbon emissions is significantly negative, thus validating the inverted U-shaped environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis for specific East Asian countries. The results of the causality test indicated a two-way causality between energy generation and per capita carbon dioxide emission, supporting the feedback hypothesis. There is also a two-way causal relationship between aging population and per capita carbon dioxide emission. Policy recommendations are discussed in response to the empirical findings of this study.

Polysaccharide-Based Hydrogel from Seeds of Artemisia vulgaris: Extraction Optimization by Box-Behnken Design, pH-Responsiveness, and Sustained Drug Release.

The current research work focuses on the extraction and optimization of the hydrogel (AVM) from the seeds of Artemisia vulgaris using Box-Behnken design-response surface methodology (BBD-RSM). The AVM was obtained through a hot water extraction process. The influence of different factors, including pH (U = 4 to 10), temperature (V = 25 to 110 °C), seed/water ratio, i.e., S/W ratio (W = 1/10 to 1/70 w/v), and seed/water contact time, i.e., S/W time (X = 1 to 12 h) on the yield of AVM was evaluated. The p-value for the analysis of variance (ANOVA) was found to be <0.001, indicating that the yield of AVM mainly depended on the abovementioned factors. The highest yield of AVM, i.e., 15.86%, was found at a pH of 7.12, temperature of 80.04 °C, S/W ratio of 1/33.24 w/v, and S/W time of 8.73 h according to Design-Expert Software. The study of the pH-responsive behavior of AVM in tablet form (formulation AVT3) revealed that AVM is a pH-responsive material with significantly high swelling at pH 7.4. However, less swelling was witnessed at pH 1.2. Moreover, AVM was found to be a sustained release material for esomeprazole at pH 7.4 for 12 h. The drug release from AVT3 was according to the super case-II transport mechanism and zero-order kinetics.

A dynamic relationship between renewable energy, agriculture, globalization, and ecological footprint of the five most populous countries in Asia.

This study aims to examine the impact of globalization, renewable energy consumption, and agricultural value addition on the ecological footprint of selected five most populous countries in Asia during the period 1975-2020. The Westerlund cointegration test supports long-term cointegration relationships among the considered variables in selected countries. The long-term resilience results of the second-generation cross-sectionally augmented autoregressive distributed lag approach evidently demonstrate that agricultural value addition and globalization contribute significantly to the long-term ecological footprint of the five most populous countries in Asia. However, renewable energy consumption significantly reduces the ecological footprint. Moreover, the impact of economic growth on ecological footprint is significantly positive, while the square of economic growth had a significantly negative impact on ecological footprint, thus validating the inverted U-shaped environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis for specific Asian densely populated countries. The causality test results of Dumitrescu and Hurlin support the feedback hypothesis by showing a two-way causal relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth. There is also a two-way causal relationship between agricultural value added and ecological footprint. Strategically, specific densely populated countries in Asia should encourage clean energy production and consumption in the agricultural sector, and the adoption of environmentally friendly technologies can improve environmental quality and agricultural production.

Links between renewable and non-renewable energy consumption, economic growth, and climate change, evidence from five emerging Asian countries.

One of the greatest challenges facing humanity in the current millennium is the need to mitigate climate change, and one of the most viable options to overcome this challenge is to invest in renewable energy. The study dynamically examines the links between renewable energy consumption, non-renewable energy consumption, climate change, and economic growth in five emerging Asian countries during the period 1975-2020. Variables selected in the model have long-term cointegration, as explored by the Pedroni cointegration test and the Westerlund cointegration test. The long-term estimated parameters of the augmented mean group (AMG) method show that renewable energy consumption significantly reduces climate change, while non-renewable energy consumption significantly promotes climate change. The results also show that GDP, investment in transport infrastructure, and urbanization can significantly contribute to climate change in selected emerging Asian countries. Moreover, the results validate the inverted U-shaped EKC hypothesis for emerging Asian economies. Country-specific analysis results using AMG estimates shows that renewable energy consumption reduces climate change in selected emerging Asian countries. Non-renewable energy consumption and investment in transport infrastructure have had significant progressive impacts on climate change in all countries. Urbanization contributes significantly to climate change, with the exception of Japan, which does not have any significant impact on climate change. GDP contributes significantly to climate change in all countries; however, GDP2 has significant adverse effects on climate change in India, China, Japan, and Korea, validating the inverted U-shaped EKC assumption for all countries except Bangladesh. Moreover, the Dumitrescu and Hurlin causality test confirmed a pairwise causal relationship between non-renewable energy consumption and GDP, supporting the feedback hypothesis. The results suggest that the best option for climate change mitigation in selected emerging Asian countries is to transition from non-renewable to renewable energy sources.

Linking forest ecosystem processes, functions and services under integrative social-ecological research agenda: current knowledge and perspectives.

The integrity of forest ecosystems is essential to human well-being, but people's activities are causing rapid changes in forest ecosystems and environmental conditions. Forest ecosystem processes, functions and services are dissimilar concepts in biology and ecology, but they are not naturally disconnected and cannot be disconnected from people's interactions in the concepts of interdisciplinary environmental sciences. This review aims to explore how people's socioeconomic conditions and activities impact forest ecosystem processes, functions and services, and ultimately, human well-being. While there has been an increase in studies on linking forest ecosystem processes and functions in the last two decades, few have explicitly considered their links to people's activities and forest ecosystem services. The current literature on the impacts of people's activities on forest ecosystem conditions (i.e., forest area and species richness) has mostly focused on deforestation and environmental degradation. To better understand the social-ecological consequences on forest ecosystem conditions, it is essential to examine the direct and indirect impacts of people's socioeconomic conditions and activities on forest ecosystem processes, functions, services and stability which should be based on more informative social-ecological indicators. In doing so, I outline the current research knowledge, challenges, limitations and future research directions with conceptual models for linking forest ecosystem processes, functions and services with people's activities and socioeconomic conditions under integrative social-ecological research agenda. This updated social-ecological knowledge would aim to better guide policymakers and forest managers on how to manage and restore forest ecosystems sustainably to meet the needs of current and future generations.

EKC hypothesis testing and environmental impacts of transportation infrastructure investments in China, Turkey, India, and Japan.

A key strategy for social development and sustainable urban expansion is building sustainable and affordable transport systems. In this study, we aim to test the validity of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis and reveal the impact of infrastructure investment in transportation systems in China, Turkey, India, and Japan over the period 1995-2020 on environmental degradation. According to dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) method analysis, per capita GDP and per capita GDP3 have a significant positive impact on per capita CO2 emission, while per capita GDP2 has a significant adverse impact on per capita CO2 emission. These results confirm the validity of the N-shaped EKC assumption, while inconsistent with the results of the FMOLS technique, showing that per capita GDP is significantly positive, while per capita GDP2 and per capita GDP3 have a significant negative impact on per capita carbon emissions. Moreover, as clarified by the fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) and DOLS methods, road infrastructure investment (RO), aviation infrastructure investment, trade openness, and foreign direct investment (FDI) have significant positive effects, while railway infrastructure investment (RA) has a significant negative effect on per capita carbon emission. Country-level estimates of per capita carbon emission-based DOLS strategies in the model show that only China and Japan have N-shaped EKC hypothesis. Road infrastructure investment, aviation infrastructure investment, and trade openness have significant positive effects, while railway infrastructure investment has a significant negative effect on per capita CO2 emission in selected central and east Asian countries. The latest electrified rail systems are well thought out and less polluting, so the contribution of rail infrastructure investment to the transport mix can support sustainable and safe transport systems at city center and intercity levels and reduce environmental pollution in central and east Asian countries. Moreover, the implementation of the basic environmental settings of trade agreements should be strengthened to condense the growing impact of free trade on environmental pollution.

An empirical analysis of the impact of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption on economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions: evidence from seven Northeast Asian countries.

Oil and natural consumption are non-renewable energy sources that are the main drivers of economic growth, but these energy sources are also the main causes of environmental degradation in Northeast Asian countries. The main objective of this study is to examine the impact of renewable energy consumption, non-renewable energy consumption on CO2 emissions, and economic growth in seven selected Northeast Asian countries during the period 1970-2020. First, the cross-sectional dependence test recommended by Pesaran, Ullah, and Yamagata (2008) concludes that there is no cross-sectional dependence in the panel data model, so it is feasible to use the first-generation panel data methods. Later, cointegration tests proposed by Pedroni (Oxford Bull Econ Stat 61:653-670, 1999, Economet Theor 20:597-625, 2004), Kao (J Econom 90:1-44, 1999), and Westerlund (2007) were adopted, revealing long-term cointegration relationships among model panel variables. Long-term variable coefficient elasticities were detected using the estimation techniques of panel fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) and panel dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS). Two-way causality of variables was detected using the Dumitrescue-Hurlin (Econ Model 29:1450-1460, 2012) panel causality test. The results of the analysis highlight the significant progressive effects of renewable energy consumption, nonrenewable energy consumption, employed labor force, and capital formation on long-run economic growth. The study also concluded that renewable energy consumption significantly reduced long-term CO2 emissions, while non-renewable energy consumption significantly contributed to long-term CO2 emissions. Estimates from the FMOLS technique reflect a significant progressive effect of GDP and GDP3 on CO2 emissions, while GDP2 has a significant adverse effect on CO2 emissions, thus validating the N-shaped EKC assumption in selected group of countries. Furthermore, the feedback hypothesis is supported based on the two-way causality between renewable energy consumption and economic growth. Strategically, this evidence-based empirical study demonstrates that renewable energy is a valuable process that can protect the environment and contribute to future economic growth in selected countries by addressing energy security and reducing carbon emissions.

The HDAC2/YY1/c-Myc signaling axis regulates lung cancer cell migration and proliferation.

Lung cancer is among the most aggressive types of malignant tumors that contributes to cancer-associated deaths worldwide with a high occurrence and fatality rate. Histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2), prevent the aberrant transcription of a number of genes that are primarily responsible for controlling the cell cycle, cell proliferation, and signaling pathways in numerous cancers. Previous studies reported the role of HDACs and YY1 in the growth and development of several cancers. Although, it is noteworthy that remarkable efforts have been taken for the treatment of lung cancer using molecularly targeted therapies and chemotherapeutic agents, but the outcome is still poor for this critically persistent cancer. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to identify an efficacious, novel therapeutic biomarkers for the successful diagnosis of lung cancer at the early stage of the disease and the molecular insights involved. In the present study, qPCR and western bot data revealed that the expression level of HDAC2 and YY1 were upregulated in the cell lines and tumor samples of lung cancer patients. Moreover, MTT, qPCR, western blot, cell cycle analysis, and migration assays showed that inhibition of HDAC2 reduced YY1 expression, similarly, depletion of YY1 using knockdown approach inhibited the proliferation, migration, invasion, and blockage of the cell cycle by suppressing c-Myc in lung cancer cell lines. In conclusion, the current study findings support the notion that HDAC2's anticancer role was attributed through YY1 regulation by targeting c-Myc and could act as potential novel candidate biomarker for the lung cancer diagnosis.