RESUMO
La encefalopatía espogiforme bovina o enfermedad de las vacas locas representa en la actualidad un verdadero problema de salud pública a nivel mundial. Originariamente confinada en el Reino Unido y superando las medidas epidemiológicas instauradas para su control, esta enfermedad ha logrado extenderse durante los últimos años por diferentes países de Europa y Japón. Mediante la ingestión de productos bovinos contaminados, los priones bovinos también han dado lugar a la aparición de nuevas variantes de encefalopatía espongiforme transmisible en animales de otras especies y en el hombre. El término nueva variante de la enfermedad de Creutzfeldt-Jakob ha sido adoptado para referirse a la encefalopatía espongiforme transmisible humana producida por los priones bovinos y, a pesar del bajo número de casos informados hasta la fecha, algunos expertos internacionales todavía predicen una epidemia mundial a gran escala por esta enfermedad. En este artículo se tratan diferentes tópicos de la encefalopatía espongiforme bovina, con especial referencia a su origen, características clínico-patológicas e impacto epidemiológico en salud humana
Assuntos
Doenças Transmissíveis , Síndrome de Creutzfeldt-Jakob , Encefalopatia Espongiforme Bovina , Saúde PúblicaRESUMO
We studied the potential role of a cytokine regulatory mechanism(s) in LPS-dependent reprogramming and modulation of TNF-alpha and nitric oxide (NO) responses in mouse peritoneal macrophages. Reciprocal regulation of TNF-alpha and NO production by LPS-primed and LPS-stimulated macrophages was found to be dependent on the presence of soluble secretory products released by the cells during the initial LPS priming interaction. Pretreatment of naive macrophages with different mouse recombinant cytokines such as rIL-10, rIL-12, and rIFN-gamma dose dependently and differentially regulated subsequent LPS-induced production of TNF-alpha, IL-6, and NO by cytokine-primed cells. Analysis of IL-12 and IL-10 levels present in culture supernatants of LPS-primed and LPS-stimulated macrophages revealed a high degree of correlation between the profiles of TNF-alpha and IL-12 as well as NO and IL-10. Furthermore, LPS priming of macrophages in the presence of anti-IL-12-neutralizing mAb attenuated TNF-alpha responses while at the same time up-regulated NO production. In contrast, neutralization of endogenous IL-10 with anti-IL-10 mAb resulted in considerable TNF-alpha response at LPS priming doses under conditions that would otherwise strongly inhibit TNF-alpha production. We also found that the initial LPS priming of naive macrophages differentially and dose dependently regulates expression of mRNAs for IL-10, IL-12, and IFN-gamma in LPS-primed macrophages. Collectively, our data provide experimental support for the hypothesis that a cytokine regulatory network, most probably autocrine, tightly controls the reciprocal modulation of TNF-alpha and NO responses in LPS-primed macrophages.
Assuntos
Interleucina-10/biossíntese , Interleucina-12/biossíntese , Macrófagos/imunologia , Animais , Anticorpos Monoclonais/farmacologia , Sequência de Bases , Citocinas/antagonistas & inibidores , Primers do DNA/genética , Feminino , Interferon gama/antagonistas & inibidores , Interferon gama/genética , Interferon gama/farmacologia , Interleucina-10/genética , Interleucina-10/farmacologia , Interleucina-12/genética , Interleucina-12/farmacologia , Lipopolissacarídeos/farmacologia , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C3H , Testes de Neutralização , Óxido Nítrico/biossíntese , Fenótipo , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Proteínas Recombinantes/farmacologia , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/biossínteseRESUMO
Antibodies against hepatitis C virus (HCV) were detected in 18 (2.3%) of 800 sera from commercial blood donors and 23 (4.6%) of 502 sera from inmates in Metro Manila, the Philippines. The difference in the antibody prevalence between the two groups was statistically significant (P < 0.05). HCV RNA was detected in 14 (78%) of the 18 antibody-positive sera from blood donors and 19 (83%) of the 23 antibody-positive sera from inmates. Genotype analysis revealed that HCV-2a (7%). Among inmates, on the other hand, HCV-1a (68%) was most common, followed by HCV-1b (11%), HCV-2a (5%) and HCV-2b (5%). Overall, HCV-1a and HCV-1b appeared to be predominant among them. Thus, the genotype prevalence in the Philippines was distinct from those in other Southeast Asian countries such as Thailand, Vietnam and Indonesia, and also distinct from those in the Far East including Taiwan, Mainland China and Japan.
Assuntos
Doadores de Sangue , Hepacivirus/classificação , Hepatite C/virologia , Prisioneiros , Sudeste Asiático/epidemiologia , Ásia Oriental/epidemiologia , Genótipo , Hepacivirus/genética , Hepatite C/sangue , Hepatite C/epidemiologia , Filipinas/epidemiologia , Prevalência , RNA Viral/sangue , População UrbanaRESUMO
As Santas Casas de Misericordia do Brasil compreendem importantes aspectos da evolucao da vida historica e cientifico-cultural do pais, particularmente no que diz respeito a pratica das ciencias medicas. Apesar de seus patrimonios historicamente valiosos, a maioria delas nao dispoe de museus que se destinem a resgatar e preservar a diversidade de bens que a entidade acumula ao longo do tempo. O Museu da Santa Casa de Misericordia do Para, fundado em 1987, com o apoio do ex-MinC (Ministerio da Cultura), veio tentar preencher esta lacuna naquela entidade filantropica do Para. Contando com um acervo de 12 colecoes, o Museu da Santa Casa tem entre suas finalidades basicas incrementar a pesquisa e divulgacao museologica, historica e cientifica referentes as atividades desenvolvidas pela Santa Casa do Para desde sua fundacao, no seculo XVII. Trata-se de uma iniciativa de grande valor para salvaguardar a memoria medica e cultural desta importante entidade caritativa da Amazonia brasileira, e em particular do Para
