Therapeutic and Histopathological Effect of Aloe vera and Salvia officinalis Hydroethanolic Extracts against Streptococcus iniae in Rainbow Trout.

Some of the medicinal plants have antibacterial contents and appear to be proper alternatives for antibiotics in the treatment of streptococcal disease, which causes plenty of mortalities in fish farms annually. Therefore, this study investigated the therapeutic effect of Aloe vera and Salvia officinalis hydroethanolic extracts against Streptococcus iniae in rainbow trout. Plant extracts components were analyzed by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method and tested in vitro against S. iniae by disk diffusion assay. In in vivo, 480 rainbow trout (10±0.1 g) were distributed in 9 groups (with 3 replication), and all groups (except for the first group as the negative control that was injected with 100 µl of physiologic serum) were injected by 100 µl of LD50 (3.66×108.5CFU/ml) of S. iniae suspension, intraperitoneally. The fish of groups were treated by A. vera and S. officinalis extracts in doses 0 (positive control group was fed by commercial diet without plant extract), 0.5, 1, and 1.5% (supplemented diet) and 80 mg/kg body weight erythromycin for the next 10 days. At the end of the study period, tissue samples of the gills and livers of all groups were taken for the histopathological lesion assay. The results showed that A. vera and S. officinalis had antibacterial components as Cineol, and S. iniae was sensitive to both A. vera (MBC=4.067 mg/ml) and S. officinalis (MBC=5.185 mg/ml) extracts. At the end of the treatment period, there were no significant differences among erythromycin, A. vera (1.5%), and A. vera (1%) in terms of the mortality of the infected fish (P˂0.05). Moreover, A. vera (1.5%) showed a significantly lower mortality rate, compared to the positive control (P˂0.05). A. vera (1.5%) was the best group to moderate all histopathological lesions, compared to other groups. Accordingly, A. vera (1.5 %) is useful to treat streptococcosis (caused by S. iniae) and alter gill and liver histopathological lesions in rainbow trout.

Detachment of particles and particle clusters from liquid/liquid interfaces.

The detachment of microspheres from a liquid/liquid interface triggered by body forces is studied experimentally, both for the case of single particles and for particle clusters. The values of the critical force required to detach particles from the interface are in agreement with the maximum values of the wetting force keeping a particles at the interface. In the case of particle clusters, a rearrangement of the cluster configuration from a raft to a more compact structure is observed when the body force is increased. Clusters detach from the liquid/liquid interface at smaller acceleration values than single particles. The critical accelerations required to detach particle clusters are consistent with models assuming that the wetting force acts at the circumference of a spherical or hemispherical densely packed particle cluster. These models predict that the critical acceleration for particle clusters scales as n(-2/3), where n is the number of particles in a cluster.

Hemato-immunological responses of Heros severus fed diets supplemented with different levels of Dunaliella salina.

In this study, the effects of oral administration of different levels of Dunaliella salina (a natural ß-carotene source) on growth parameters, immunological and hematological indices, as well as skin carotenoids, of Heros severus were investigated. One hundred and eighty H. severus weighing 27 ± 0.5 g were divided randomly into four groups in triplicate (15 fish in each replicate). Groups 1-4 received food supplemented with 0, 50, 100 and 200 mg kg⁻¹ D. salina powder, respectively. After 6 weeks, the growth parameters were compared among the groups. Blood samples were taken from each group, and hematological parameters including red blood cell count (RBC), white blood cell count (WBC), hematocrit (PCV), hemoglobin (Hb) and immunological indices (serum and mucus lysozyme and bactericidal activity, resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila infection) as well as carotenoid content of skin were evaluated. Results showed that some growth indices increased significantly in fish fed with 100 and 200 mg kg⁻¹ D. salina-supplemented food (P < 0.05). Although serum lysozyme activity was increased in fish fed with food supplemented with 100 and 200 mg kg⁻¹ D. salina (P < 0.05), no significant change was observed in serum and mucus bactericidal activity and mucus lysozyme activity among the groups (P > 0.05). Most of the hematological parameters such as WBC, RBC, PCV and Hb significantly increased in D. salina-treated fish compared with controls (P < 0.05). Mortality induced after challenge with A. hydrophila in 200 mg kg⁻¹ D. salina-treated fish was 36.67 %, which significantly decreased compared with control (P < 0.05). Skin carotenoid content in all D. salina treatments was statistically higher than that of control (P < 0.05). Conclusively, D. salina as a food additive can affect positively the growth, immunological and hematological parameters of H. severus.