RESUMO
Antibiotic resistance is a global health and development threat, especially during the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (COVID-19) pandemic. Therefore, the current study was conducted to describe antibiotic usage and resistance among patients with COVID-19 in the intensive care unit (ICU) in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. In this cross-sectional study, only patients with positive COVID-19 status (42 patients) admitted to the ICU at the King Faisal Hospital were selected using a census sampling method. The susceptibility test of bacteria was carried out according to the standard protocol. The identified strains were tested in-vitro against several antibiotics drugs. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 24. A total of 42 patients were included, with a mean age of 59.35 ± 18 years. Of them, 38.1% were males, and 61.9% were females. 35.7% have blood group O +. For age and blood groups, statistically significant associations were found between males and females, with p-values = 0.037 and 0.031, respectively. A large percentage (42.7%) of the obtained samples contained Klebsiella Pneumoniae; all bacteria were multidrug-resistance bacteria. Furthermore, 76.2% of bacteria were resistant to Ampicillin, 66.7% were resistant to Ciprofloxacin, 64.3% were resistant to Levofloxacin, 57.1% were resistant to Imipenem, and 57.1% were resistant to Moxifloxacin. On the contrary, among the 40 examined antibiotics, the effective antibiotics were Daptomycin, Linezolid, Mupirocin, Synercid, Teicoplanin, Vancomycin, and Nitrofurantoin. Our study demonstrates that antibiotic resistance is highly prevalent among ICU patients with COVID-19 at the King Faisal Hospital. Additionally, all bacteria were multidrug-resistance bacteria. Therefore, this high prevalence should be seriously discussed and urgently considered.
RESUMO
Vaccinations prevented severe clinical complications of COVID-19. It was considered a vital component of living endemically with COVID-19. The Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine is the first mRNA-based vaccination that enhances immunity. Resulting in various adverse effects that may emerge after vaccination. This systematic review was undertaken to assess the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine side effects by reviewing the previous studies. A total of 107 PubMed and Google Scholar publications were screened for Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine side effects. Fourteen articles met the study inclusion criteria. The included searching terms were a combination of "Pfizer vaccine and Side effects," "BioNTech vaccine and side effects," and "BNT162b2 vaccine and side effects," as well as all synonyms. The total number of participants in the 14 studies was 10,632 participants. Average of the most frequent side effects of 14 studies were injection site pain 77.34%, fatigue 43%, muscle pain 39.67%, local swelling 33.57%, headache 33.27%, joint pain 25.75%, chills 18.34%, fever 18%, itching 9.38%, lymph nodes swelling 7.86%, nausea 7.58%, dyspnea 7.86%,and diarrhea 6.36%. The average side effects after the first dose were 79% compared with 84% after the second dose. The average occurs side effects in females at 69.8% compared with males 30.2%. Our study reveals that side effects after the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine are common, but they are usually mild and self-limited. Local reactions like pain at the injection site are the most common. Anaphylactic shock or severe reactions are rare. We hope that our results will reassure the public that the benefits of vaccination far exceed the dangers. Also, help reduce vaccine hesitancy among individuals worried about vaccine safety and possible adverse effects.
