Impact of DMFT, PUFA, DAI, and TDIs on Oral Health-Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) Among Foundling, Delinquent, and Mainstream School Children: A Prilimenary Study.

Objectives: To assess oral health and its implication on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) among groups of foundling and delinquent children compared to mainstream children in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted on children in care houses and mainstream school-going children. The following variables were measured for each group: Demographic data (age, gender); subjective oral health condition; (OHRQoL); clinical oral health condition including the decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index; pulpally involved, ulceration, fistula, and abscess (PUFA) index; Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) for malocclusion, and traumatic dental injuries (TDI). Statistical Analysis: A one-way ANOVA test, Chi-square test, and Pearson correlation coefficient were used. Results: The total OHRQoL score was significantly higher for the delinquent compared to the mainstream group. In addition, the DMFT and mean PUFA scores were significantly higher for the delinquent group than the others. The DAI revealed statistical significance in occlusion status within the foundling and delinquent groups, and the prevalence of TDI was significantly higher in the delinquent vs. the mainstream group. Conclusion: Oral health status appeared to have an association with the OHRQoL among foundling, delinquent, and mainstream children.

Oral health-related quality of life among groups of foundling and delinquent children in comparison with mainstream children.

AIM: This study envisages understanding about the Oral Health-Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) among groups of foundling and delinquent children and compares them with mainstream children in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. METHOD: This is a cross-sectional, observational study of a group of foundling and delinquent children aged 11 to 14 years, in care houses in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and mainstream school children. Variables measured for each group were demographic data (age, gender), subjective oral health condition, and OHRQoL. An interview-based questionnaire was used for collecting the relevant data. The questionnaire was divided into four parts, oral symptoms, functional limitations, emotional well-being, and social well-being, with each response scored as per the following codes: (0) never, (1) once or twice, (2) sometimes, (3) often, and (4) every day. The top possible score for the total scale was 144, and the lowest was 0. A comparison group of mainstream school children was recruited from public schools. Data were analysed using SPSS version 25.0 statistical software, and one-way ANOVA was used for the analysis of data when three levels or more were categorical, and the response was numerical. A chi-square test was used to assess the correlation between any two categorical variables. RESULTS: Out of the total 99 children, 33 were delinquents, 33 were foundling, and 33 were mainstream children included as a comparative group in the study. It was noted that the delinquents compared to the other children had significantly higher scores in accordance with the data collected, with a mean overall score of 30.61 compared to the score for foundling, which was 19.48, and mainstream children had a meager score of 9.18. Individual factorssuch as the oral symptoms, functional limitations, and emotional and social well-being were scored separately, with delinquents having the highest scores and mainstream children the least. CONCLUSIONS: Health, including oral health, is a right everyone is equally subjected to, and while the concept of OHRQoL is relatively new, delinquents and foundling are definitely subjected to poorer standards in terms of their oral hygiene, on-time treatment, and diagnosis, which further deteriorates their quality of life.

Comparative tomographic study of the maxillary central incisor collum angle between Class I, Class II, division 1 and 2 patients.

INTRODUCTION: It has been reported that Class II, division 2 maxillary central incisors frequently demonstrate increased collum angles, which indicates an excessive palatal "bend" of the crown. However, evidence supporting such observation is mostly derived from radiographic studies. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the collum angle of maxillary central incisors in Class I, Class II, division 1, and Class II, division 2 cases using cone-beam computed tomography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-eight consecutive orthodontic cases (16 Class I, 16 Class II, division 1, and 16 Class II, division 2 malocclusion) with cone-beam computed tomography as part of their initial diagnostic records were evaluated. Cross-sections including maxillary right and left central incisors were used to calculate the angulation between the crown and root long axes (collum angle). Comparisons between groups were performed using analysis of variance for multiple and post-hoc Tukey for paired analyses. RESULTS: Mean collum angle observed in Class II, division 2 cases was significantly larger (5.2 ± 1.3°) than the ones obtained for Class I (1.1 ± 4.2°) (P = 0.034) or Class II, division 1 cases (0.1 ± 0.7°) (P = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that Class II, division 2 individuals demonstrate accentuated lingual inclination of the maxillary central incisor crown compared to the other types of malocclusion studied here. Such morphological feature indicates the need for better tooth movement planning, especially in regard to root palatal torqueing of the maxillary central incisors.

Prevalence of Dental Caries and Oral Hygiene Status among Juvenile Prisoners in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

AIM: The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of dental caries and oral hygiene status among juvenile prisoners in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 105 prisoners aged between 12 and 17 years of age from the Juvenile Detention Center were included in the study. Any prisoner with systemic illness and being noncooperative were excluded from the study. Clinical examinations were performed under an artificial light source using a disposable mouth mirror and explorer while seated on a portable chair. The dental caries experience was measured as the number of decayed, missing, or filled permanent teeth (DMFT) using DMFT score. The oral hygiene index (OHI) was assessed by the Greene and Vermillion method. The data collected were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 16. RESULTS: The mean age of the sample was 16.33 years, with 74.3% of the prisoners in the 16 to 17-year-old group. The dental caries index measured by calculating the mean DMFT of the juvenile prisoners increased with age. The DMFT scores of 9.09 (4.388) for 78 juvenile prisoners aged 16 to 17 years followed by 9.00 (2.925) for 19 prisoners aged 14 to 15 years and 7.13 (1.808) for 8 prisoners aged 12 to 13 years were observed. The oral hygiene status of the prisoners showed that more than half of the juvenile prisoners included in the study had poor (53.3%) oral hygiene and less than half had fair (45.7%) oral hygiene and only one participant demonstrated good oral hygiene. CONCLUSION: The juvenile prisoners had high prevalence of dental caries and fair-to-bad oral hygiene, indicating poor oral health status. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the need for special attention from the concerned health authorities, voluntary organizations, and surrounding dental colleges in meeting the oral health needs of this group. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The study provides an important database for decision makers to take on the challenge of reducing dental caries among juvenile prisoners.

Characteristic of Malocclusion among Saudi Special Need Group Children.

INTRODUCTION: The present study analyzed the characteristics of malocclusions, occlusal traits among Special Health care Needs (SHCN) children with Down syndrome (DS) and autism disorder (AD) in Riyadh City, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 100 DS and 100 AD children from five rehabilitation centers in and around Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, were included in the study. Any children with history of ongoing medical treatment, extraction, or orthodontic treatment were excluded from the study. Out of the 200 patients examined, 131 were males and 69 were females and the age of the children ranged from 6 to 14 years. The children were examined for malocclusion characteristics using the Angle's classification of malocclusion, and also other occlusal traits, such as overjet, overbite, cross bite, and open bite were also determined. The data obtained were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 16 to generate descriptive statistics for each variable. RESULTS: The analyzed data of the right and left permanent molar relation showed higher incidence of class III malocclusion (66%) in DS children as compared with (3-4%) AD children. The AD children presented with higher percentage of class I malocclu-sion (40-41%) as compared with (10-14%) DS children. During examination of the primary molars, the analyzed data showed that left primary molar had more mesial shift in AD children as compared with DS children. CONCLUSION: Down syndrome children had high incidence of class III malocclusion and autistic children had high incidence of class I malocclusion. Overall, the DS children were more prone to malocclusion. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: This study provides database for health professionals in Saudi Arabia in regard to malocclusion of autis-tics and DS patients.

A Systematic Review of the Consequences of Early Extraction of First Permanent First Molar in Different Mixed Dentition Stages.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to consider the available evidence regarding early extraction of permanent first molars (PFMs) in different mixed dentition stages that affect the integrity of occlusion and the implications for treatment planning. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Electronic database, including PubMed and Science Direct, searches were conducted for available evidence. Key terms used in the search were "extraction," " first permanent molar," and "mixed dentition." RESULTS: The initial search identified 56 studies to be related to the review. Although a significant number of published articles had dealt with early extraction of PFM, only three studies had fulfilled the final selection criteria to be considered for this systematic review. CONCLUSION: Future active appliance treatment is important after extraction of PFMs with poor prognosis. If such therapy is not needed, consideration should be given to extraction at the ideal developmental age to achieve spontaneous space closure. Each case should be assessed for the need of balancing or compensating extractions to preserve the dental midline and prevent overeruption.

Mandibular alveolar bone volume in patients with different vertical facial dimensions.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate if there is any difference in alveolar bone surface area in patients with high vertical facial dimension (long face), average vertical facial dimension (average face), and low vertical facial dimension (square short face). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-five patients who had cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) as part of their orthodontic records were chosen according to their facial vertical dimension. Each group consisted of fifteen patients. Mandibular alveolar bone volume was calculated using Dolphin 3D Imaging software as the total surface area of the symphysis at the level of lower right canine to lower left canine and total surface areas for each patient was considered as total bone volume. Comparison was performed between groups using t-test. RESULTS: Long face type patients showed higher bone volume (total surface area 3220 ± 368 mm2), average face patients have average bone volume (total surface area 2059 ± 620 mm2) while square short face patients have the lowest total bone volume (total surface area 1877 ± 112 mm2). There was a significant difference between long face and square short face groups (P < 0.005) however, there was no significant difference between long face and average face groups. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with long face type have higher mandibular alveolar bone volume compared to short facial type patients.

Fracture resistance of different primary anterior esthetic crowns.

PURPOSE: Investigate and compare fracture resistance of four commercially available esthetic crowns. METHODS: Sixty-four anterior crowns were used: NuSmile Primary crowns (NuSmile, Houston, Tex. USA) (16); Preveneered Cheng Crowns, (Orthodontic Technologies Inc., Houston, TX) (16); NuSmile ZR (NuSmile, Houston, Tex. USA); and Cheng Crowns zirconia (Orthodontic Technologies Inc., Houston, TX). Crowns were mounted and cemented on a negative replica and placed under servo hydraulic mechanical universal testing machine. Force was applied at 90° with crosshead speed of 1 mm/min until they fractured. Maximum breaking loads were recorded. Data was then analyzed using software that measured the fracture resistance of the crowns. One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to find the differences between the groups and Scheffe post hoc test was used for intergroup comparisons. The level of significance was set as p ≤ 0.05. RESULTS: Mean maximum loads were as follows: NuSmile ZR crowns (937.36 + 131.68 N), Cheng Zirconia Crowns (751.43 + 102.103 N), NuSmile Primary crowns (482.37 + 76.92), and Preveneered Cheng Crowns (415.57 + 12.28). Zirconia crowns the had highest fracture resistance compared to preveneered crowns (p < 0.05). No significant difference between NuSmile ZR Zirconia and Cheng Crowns zirconia nor between NuSmile primary Preveenered and Preveneered Cheng Crowns. CONCLUSION: Zirconia crowns showed the highest fracture resistance with NuSmile zirconia crowns to being able to resist fracture even under intense pressure of load compared to Cheng Crowns zirconia.

Prevalence of Traumatic Dental Injuries in Patients Attending University of Alberta Emergency Clinic.

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the prevalence of dental trauma for patients attending the emergency dental clinic at the University of Alberta Hospital between 2006-2009. Patients' examination and treatment charts were reviewed. METHODS: Total number of patients' charts was 1893.The prevalence of different types of trauma was 6.4 % of the total cases (117 patients). Trauma cases were identified according to Ellis classification and as modified by Holland et al., 1988. RESULTS: Logistic statistical model showed that 21.7% were Ellis class I trauma, 16.7% were Ellis class II trauma, and 6.7% were Ellis class III. In addition, 11.7 % presented with avulsion, 7.5 % presented with dentoalveolar fracture and 7.5% presented with sublaxation. Also, 17.55 % presented with tooth displacement within the alveolar bone, 3.3 % presented with crown fracture with no pulp involvement, 4.16 % presented with crown fracture with pulp involvement and 3.3 % presented with root fracture. In conclusion, the general prevalence of dentoalveolar trauma in patients attending the emergency clinic at the University of Alberta is less than other reported percentages in Canada or other countries.

Anchorage condition during canine retraction using transpalatal arch with continuous and segmented arch mechanics.

OBJECTIVE: To compare anchorage condition in cases in which transpalatal arch was used to enhance anchorage in both continuous and segmented arch techniques. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty cases that required first premolar extraction for orthodontic treatment and transpalatal arch to enhance anchorage were included in this study. Ten cases were treated using the continuous arch technique, while the other 10 cases were treated using 0.019 × 0.025-inch TMA T-loops with posterior anchorage bend according to the Burstone and Marcotte description. Lateral cephalometric analysis of before and after canine retraction was performed using Ricketts analysis to measure the anteroposterior position of the upper first molar to the vertical line from the Pt point. Data were analyzed using an independent sample t-test. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant forward movement of the upper first molar in cases treated by continuous arch mechanics (4.5 ± 3.0 mm) compared with segmented arch mechanics (-0.7 ± 1.4 mm; P  =  .01). CONCLUSIONS: The posterior anchorage bend to T-loop used to retract the maxillary canine can enhance anchorage during maxillary canine retraction.

Comparison of two three-dimensional cephalometric analysis computer software.

BACKGROUND: Three-dimensional cephalometric analyses are getting more attraction in orthodontics. The aim of this study was to compare two softwares to evaluate three-dimensional cephalometric analyses of orthodontic treatment outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty cone beam computed tomography images were obtained using i-CAT(®) imaging system from patient's records as part of their regular orthodontic records. The images were analyzed using InVivoDental5.0 (Anatomage Inc.) and 3DCeph™ (University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA) software. Before and after orthodontic treatments data were analyzed using t-test. RESULTS: Reliability test using interclass correlation coefficient was stronger for InVivoDental5.0 (0.83-0.98) compared with 3DCeph™ (0.51-0.90). Paired t-test comparison of the two softwares shows no statistical significant difference in the measurements made in the two softwares. CONCLUSIONS: InVivoDental5.0 measurements are more reproducible and user friendly when compared to 3DCeph™. No statistical difference between the two softwares in linear or angular measurements. 3DCeph™ is more time-consuming in performing three-dimensional analysis compared with InVivoDental5.0.