RESUMO
Surgical repair of the mitral valve is being increasingly performed to treat severe mitral regurgitation. Transesophageal echocardiography is an essential tool for assessing valvular function and guiding surgical decision making during the perioperative period. A careful and systematic transesophageal echocardiographic examination is necessary to ensure that appropriate information is obtained and that the correct diagnoses are obtained before and after repair. The purpose of this article is to provide a practical guide for perioperative echocardiographers caring for patients undergoing surgical repair of mitral regurgitation. A guide to performing a systematic transesophageal echocardiographic examination of the mitral valve is provided, along with an approach to prerepair and postrepair assessment. Additionally, the anatomy and function of normal and regurgitant mitral valves are reviewed.
Assuntos
Ecocardiografia Transesofagiana/métodos , Aumento da Imagem/métodos , Anuloplastia da Valva Mitral/métodos , Insuficiência da Valva Mitral/diagnóstico por imagem , Insuficiência da Valva Mitral/cirurgia , Cirurgia Assistida por Computador/métodos , Humanos , Monitorização Intraoperatória/métodos , Seleção de PacientesRESUMO
In this article, the routine postoperative care and complications of patients with ventricular assist devices are reviewed. Routine postoperative care encompasses patients who have undergone emergency ventricular assist device (VAD) implantation for acute cardiogenic shock, as a bridge to decision making, and semi-elective patients who have undergone VAD implantation for end-stage heart failure, either as destination therapy or as a bridge to heart transplantation. Early postoperative management should focus on haemodynamic optimisation, including fluid and inotrope therapy, VAD settings and support of right ventricular function. Echocardiography is an essential tool in optimising haemodynamics and identifying complications. Early postoperative complications include bleeding, arrhythmias, right ventricular failure and infection. Late postoperative problems include bleeding, thrombosis and thrombo-embolism, device failure and psychological problems. In a small percentage of patients, weaning and explantation of the VAD are possible. For patients undergoing VAD implantation for destination therapy, end-of-life care planning should form part of the multidisciplinary care of the patient.
