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1.
Br J Cancer ; 110(7): 1834-40, 2014 Apr 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24525696

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: There is considerable interest in the possibility of provision of lung cancer screening services in many developed countries. There is, however, no consensus on the target population or optimal screening regimen. METHODS: In this paper, we demonstrate the use of published results on lung cancer screening and natural history parameters to estimate the likely effects of annual and biennial screening programmes in different risk populations, in terms of deaths prevented and of human costs, including screening episodes, further investigation rates and overdiagnosis. RESULTS: Annual screening with the UK Lung Screening Study eligibility criteria was estimated to result in 956 lung cancer deaths prevented and 457 overdiagnosed cancers from 330,000 screening episodes. Biennial screening would result in 802 lung cancer deaths prevented and 383 overdiagnosed cancers for 180,000 screening episodes. INTERPRETATION/CONCLUSION: The predictions suggest that the intervention effect could justify the human costs. The evidence base for low-dose CT screening for lung cancer pertains almost entirely to annual screening. The benefit of biennial screening is subject to additional uncertainty but the issue merits further empirical research.


Assuntos
Detecção Precoce de Câncer , Neoplasias Pulmonares/diagnóstico , Programas Nacionais de Saúde , Pesquisa Translacional Biomédica , Idoso , Erros de Diagnóstico/estatística & dados numéricos , Detecção Precoce de Câncer/normas , Detecção Precoce de Câncer/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Humanos , Funções Verossimilhança , Neoplasias Pulmonares/epidemiologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/etiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Programas Nacionais de Saúde/normas , Programas Nacionais de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Cooperação do Paciente/estatística & dados numéricos , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde , Fumar/epidemiologia , Estatística como Assunto , Reino Unido/epidemiologia
2.
Br J Cancer ; 104(11): 1680-5, 2011 May 24.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21540862

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: We analysed 10-year survival data in 19,411 women aged 50-64 years diagnosed with invasive breast cancer in the West Midlands region of the United Kingdom. The aim was to estimate the survival advantage seen in cases that were screen detected compared with those diagnosed symptomatically and attribute this to shifts in prognostic variables or survival differences specific to prognostic categories. METHODS: We studied tumour size, histological grade and the Nottingham Prognostic Index in very narrow categories and investigated the distribution of these prognostic factors within screen-detected and symptomatic tumours. We also adjusted for lead time bias. RESULTS: The unadjusted 10-year breast cancer survival in screen-detected cases was 85.5% and in symptomatic cases 62.8%; after adjustment for lead time bias, survival in the screen-detected cases was 79.3%. Within narrow categories of prognostic variables, survival differences were small, indicating that the majority of the survival advantage of screen detection is due to differences in the distributions of size and node status. CONCLUSION: Our results suggested that a combination of lead time with size and node status in 10 categories explained almost all (97%) of the survival advantage. Only a small proportion remained to be explained by biological differences, manifested as length bias or overdiagnosis.


Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/mortalidade , Neoplasias da Mama/diagnóstico , Neoplasias da Mama/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Detecção Precoce de Câncer , Feminino , Humanos , Metástase Linfática , Mamografia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prognóstico , Taxa de Sobrevida
3.
Eur Radiol ; 21(4): 676-82, 2011 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20886340

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To compare the diagnostic performance of full-field digital mammography (FFDM) with screen-film mammography (SFM) in a corporate screening programme including younger women. METHODS: Data were available on 14,946 screening episodes, 5010 FFDM and 9936 SFM. Formal analysis was by logistic regression, adjusting for age and calendar year. FFDM is compared with SFM with reference to cancer detection rates, cancers presenting as clustering microcalcifications, recall rates and PPV of recall. RESULTS: Overall detection rates were 6.4 cancers per thousand screens for FFDM and 2.8 per thousand for SFM (p < 0.001). In women aged 50+ cancer detection was significantly higher for FFDM at 8.6 per thousand vs. 4.0 per thousand, (p = 0.002). In women <50, cancer detection was also significantly higher for FFDM at 4.3 per thousand vs. 1.4 per thousand, (p = 0.02). Cancers detected as clustering microcalcifications increased from 0.4 per thousand with SFM to 2.0 per thousand with FFDM. Rates of assessment recall were higher for FFDM (7.3% vs. 5.0%, p < 0.001). FFDM provided a higher PPV for assessment recall, (32 cancers/364 recalls, 8.8%) than SFM, (28 cancers/493 recalls, 5.7%). CONCLUSIONS: Cancer detection rates were significantly higher for FFDM than for SFM, especially for women <50, and cancers detected as clustering microcalcifications.


Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias da Mama/diagnóstico , Mamografia/métodos , Adulto , Idoso , Algoritmos , Calcinose/diagnóstico por imagem , Análise por Conglomerados , Estudos de Coortes , Detecção Precoce de Câncer/métodos , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Intensificação de Imagem Radiográfica/métodos , Ultrassonografia , População Urbana
4.
Curr Med Res Opin ; 24(2): 365-8, 2008 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18096111

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: A comparison of mammographic breast densities of women living in London with those of women living in rural and suburban areas. DESIGN AND METHODS: Using the standard four American College of Radiology Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BIRADS) categories of mammographic density, 318 mammograms of women from London and 654 mammograms of women from outside the capital aged 27-87 years who had received mammography at the Princess Grace Hospital, London, were assessed for density. The association between having any dense tissue and area of residence was assessed using both ordered and standard logistic regression, giving odds ratio estimates of relative risk of dense tissue adjusting for age. RESULTS: Adjusting for age, London residents had significantly higher levels of density (OR = 1.32, 95% CI 1.04-1.70, p = 0.02). The major difference occurred in the age group 45-54 years and was most strongly manifested as a higher rate in London for density of 25% or more (BIRADS categories 2-4) as compared to almost entirely fatty (BIRADS 1) (OR = 2.22, 95% CI 1.05-4.68, p = 0.035). CONCLUSION: The higher density is likely to be due to a different prevalence of risk factors in the London population. This study cannot ascertain the reason for the higher density in this urban population, but the result is a cause for concern given that screening uptake is lower in London. Increased attention to screening in urban areas and attention to screening quality for dense breast tissue might be prudent.


Assuntos
Doenças Mamárias/diagnóstico , Mama/patologia , Mamografia , Características de Residência , População Urbana , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Doenças Mamárias/patologia , Densitometria , Feminino , Geografia , Humanos , Londres , Programas de Rastreamento , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Risco , Reino Unido
5.
Br J Cancer ; 98(1): 206-9, 2008 Jan 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18059396

RESUMO

Although breast cancer screening has been shown to work in randomised trials, there is a need to evaluate service screening programmes to ensure that they are delivering the benefit indicated by the trials. We carried out a case-control study to investigate the effect of mammography service screening, in the NHS breast screening programme, on breast cancer mortality in the East Anglian region of the UK. Cases were deaths from breast cancer in women diagnosed between the ages of 50 and 70 years, following the instigation of the East Anglia Breast Screening Programme in 1989. The controls were women (two per case) who had not died of breast cancer, from the same area, matched by date of birth to the cases. Each control was known to be alive at the time of death of her matched case. All women were known to the breast screening programme and were invited, at least once, to be screened. There were 284 cases and 568 controls. The odds ratio (OR) for risk of death from breast cancer in women who attended at least one routine screen compared to those who did not attend was 0.35 (CI: 0.24, 0.50). Adjusting for self-selection bias gave an estimate of the breast cancer mortality reduction associated with invitation to screening of 35% (OR=0.65, 95% CI: 0.48, 0.88). The effect of actually being screened was a 48% breast cancer mortality reduction (OR=0.52, 95% CI: 0.32, 0.84). The results suggest that the National Breast Screening Programme in East Anglia is achieving a reduction in breast cancer deaths, which is at least consistent with the results from the randomised controlled trials of mammographic screening.


Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/diagnóstico , Neoplasias da Mama/mortalidade , Programas de Rastreamento , Mortalidade/etnologia , Idoso , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Humanos , Mamografia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Reino Unido/epidemiologia
7.
Br J Cancer ; 94(1): 36-42, 2006 Jan 16.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16333307

RESUMO

Volume-outcome relationships have been found for management of symptomatic but not for screen-detected, breast cancers. The study included 2705 patients with breast cancer detected by the Welsh breast cancer-screening programme from its inception in 1989 to 1997. Survival was tracked until 1999. Data validity was assessed for 10% of subjects. Hospitals' and surgeons' annual patient volumes were calculated as indices of specialisation. Effects of hospital and surgeon volumes on survival were estimated using Cox regression. Surgeons' and hospitals' volumes ranged from 1 to 90, and 1 to 86 patients, respectively. Patients managed by higher volume surgeons survived significantly longer (adjusted hazards ratio for a volume difference of 10 patients per year=0.90 (95% confidence intervals 0.84-0.97)). The adjusted hazard ratio for breast cancer survival was similar (0.91 (95% confidence intervals 0.82-1.00)). This association decreased over time. Patients of higher volume surgeons were significantly more likely to have axillary surgery and impalpable excision biopsies and were less likely to have mastectomy or radiotherapy. Surgeons' specialisation in management of screen-detected breast cancers was associated with longer survival, but this effect appeared to decrease over time.


Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/diagnóstico , Neoplasias da Mama/cirurgia , Cirurgia Geral/estatística & dados numéricos , Programas de Rastreamento , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Biópsia , Neoplasias da Mama/radioterapia , Estudos de Coortes , Grupos Diagnósticos Relacionados , Feminino , Hospitais/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Medicina/estatística & dados numéricos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prognóstico , Especialização , Análise de Sobrevida , Resultado do Tratamento , País de Gales
8.
Breast ; 15(4): 503-9, 2006 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16290937

RESUMO

The aim of this study was to examine observed short-term survival, to estimate future survival, and to assess the impact on survival of amending procedures to avoid false negatives in women recalled for further assessment due to a suspicious screening mammogram. From the start of screening in the seven centres in the East Anglian region, 1 April 1989 to 31 December 1999, 503493 women from a total population of 2.2 million were screened, 25346 were recalled for an assessment and 3689 were diagnosed with breast cancer. Of the 21657 women given a negative result at these assessments, 193 women were subsequently diagnosed with 194 breast tumours at the site previously assessed. These women were followed up for survival, with survival analysis adjusting for host and tumour attributes. We also predicted long-term survival using the pathological features of the tumours diagnosed. From previous estimates of tumour progression rates, we estimated the reduction in incidence of advanced tumours and the potential saving of lives had unsatisfactory assessments been carried out within guidelines. There were 17 deaths, 15 in women who had unsatisfactory assessments. Five-year survival was estimated at 93% (95% CI: 88-97%) for breast cancer and 91% (95% CI: 86-95%) for all cause deaths. Women with positive nodes and/or larger tumours had significantly worse survival. Twenty years survival for women with unsatisfactory assessments was estimated at 66% (35 deaths) and predicted a potential saving of 7-9 lives (14-18% reduction in expected fatality within this special tumour population) had original assessments been carried out within current guidelines. This retrospective audit of a small and special tumour population shows a potential reduction in breast cancer deaths of 18%, had current guidelines been available for the original assessments. Increased use of percutaneous biopsy in recent years should address the problem.


Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/diagnóstico , Neoplasias da Mama/mortalidade , Mamografia , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Progressão da Doença , Reações Falso-Negativas , Feminino , Humanos , Auditoria Médica , Invasividade Neoplásica , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Análise de Sobrevida
9.
Eur J Surg ; 166(9): 713-21, 2000 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11034468

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness of medical (antacids, histamine antagonists and proton pump inhibitors) and surgical (fundoplication) treatment of chronic GORD. SUBJECTS: Patients with objective (endoscopic or pH) evidence of chronic reflux reported in 6 randomised trials and 3 cohort studies, 1966-1999. METHODS: Systematic review of comparative studies identified from electronic searches, citations, manual searches of journals, and correspondence with authors and experts. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Improvements in prevalence or severity of symptoms, oesophagitis, pH reflux duration, lower oesophageal sphincter pressure, patients' satisfaction, and side-effects. RESULTS: Improved outcomes were more common after surgical than medical treatment with significant differences in objective outcomes in 5/6 randomised trials and in 2/3 cohort studies. Subjective outcomes (symptoms and patients' satisfaction) were also more common among surgical patients in all but one study that assessed them. Odds ratios for improvement with surgical rather than medical treatment ranged from 1.2 to 200, and numbers needed to treat ranged from 1.2 to 58, where these could be calculated. Studies were too heterogeneous for meta-analysis. CONCLUSIONS: In trials of chronic severe GORD, surgery is consistently more effective than medical treatment in relieving symptoms and objective oesophagitis, although omeprazole can give similar symptom relief with adjustment of the dose.


Assuntos
Esofagite Péptica/terapia , Refluxo Gastroesofágico/terapia , Adulto , Antiácidos/uso terapêutico , Estudos de Coortes , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados como Assunto , Fundoplicatura , Refluxo Gastroesofágico/cirurgia , Antagonistas dos Receptores Histamínicos/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Inibidores da Bomba de Prótons , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Resultado do Tratamento
10.
Neurosci Lett ; 83(3): 253-8, 1987 Dec 29.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-2894625

RESUMO

The existence of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-containing neurons in the spinal cord of the chick embryo was investigated by anti-TH immunocytochemistry. Two populations of intensely immunostained cells were observed along the entire extent of the cord, beginning late in chick embryogenesis. One group of TH-positive cells was particularly numerous and found ventral to the central canal. The other group, which was smaller in number, was located along the superficial and lateral border of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. When examined by the glyoxylic acid histofluorescence technique, cells could be visualized only very infrequently ventral to the central canal, and not at all within the dorsal horn. However, after pretreatment of hatchlings with the catecholamine synthesis precursor L-DOPA, cells ventral to the canal were readily observed by histofluorescence, while the dorsally located cells seldom visualized. Since these populations of TH-positive cells appear to only partially express the catecholaminergic phenotype, these cells may provide a model in which factors regulating the expression of neurotransmitter phenotypes can be examined in neurons of the developing CNS.


Assuntos
Neurônios/enzimologia , Medula Espinal/citologia , Tirosina 3-Mono-Oxigenase/análise , Animais , Catecolaminas/biossíntese , Embrião de Galinha , Galinhas , Fenótipo , Medula Espinal/enzimologia , Medula Espinal/metabolismo
11.
Brain Res Bull ; 17(3): 297-305, 1986 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-3533221

RESUMO

The existence of serotonin (5-HT)-containing neurons in the spinal cord of the chick embryo was examined by anti-5-HT immunocytochemistry. The first immunoreactive cells were observed in embryos at 7 days of incubation (E7) and were initially located within the floor plate of the early spinal cord. By E9, immunostained cells occurred throughout the length of the spinal cord and were frequently encountered in most transverse sections of the cord. When examined at later embryonic ages of E12, 17 and at hatching (E21 or 22), the 5-HT cells became progressively more difficult to find with the advancing age of the embryos. To determine if this population of spinal cord 5-HT neurons actually diminished during development, a detailed quantitative analysis was undertaken to estimate the number of 5-HT cells in the cord of chick embryos at different ages. The results of this investigation demonstrated that the size of the 5-HT neuronal population rose rapidly from E7 and plateaued (at approximately 3500 neurons) between E9 and E12. As anticipated, the number of 5-HT cells at E17 decreased at all cord levels. Surprisingly, however, the number of spinal cord 5-HT neurons at hatching increased (depending on the cord level) either back to, or above, the counts estimated for the earlier ages of E9 and E12. Therefore, cells expressing the 5-HT phenotype in the spinal cord of the chick embryo persist throughout the period of embryonic development, rather than appear transiently.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)


Assuntos
Neurônios/análise , Serotonina/análise , Medula Espinal/citologia , Animais , Contagem de Células , Embrião de Galinha , Desenvolvimento Embrionário e Fetal , Histocitoquímica , Técnicas Imunoenzimáticas , Neurônios/citologia , Medula Espinal/análise , Medula Espinal/embriologia
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