Aetiology and management options for secondary referred otalgia: a systematic review and meta-analyses.

OBJECTIVES OF REVIEW: To review the literature for the evidence base for the aetiology and management of referred otalgia, looking particularly at non-malignant, neuralgic, structural and functional issues. TYPE OF REVIEW: Systematic review. SEARCH STRATEGY: A systematic literature search was undertaken from the databases of EMBASE, CINAHL, MEDLINE®, BNI, and Cochrane Library according to predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. EVALUATION METHOD: All relevant titles, abstracts and full text articles were reviewed by three authors who resolved any differences by discussion and consultation with senior author. RESULTS: 44 articles were included in our review. The overall quality of evidence was low, with the vast majority of the studies being case-series with three cohort and four randomised-controlled trials included. The prime causes and management strategies were focussed on temporomandibular joint dysfunction (TMJD), Eagle syndrome and neuralgia. Our meta-analyses found no difference on the management strategies for the interventions found. CONCLUSIONS: Referred otalgia is common and treatment should be aimed at the underlying pathology. Potential aetiologies are vast given the extensive sensory innervation of the ear. An understanding of this and a structured approach to patient assessment is important for optimal patient management.

Skull Base Osteomyelitis: A Diagnostic Dilemma.

Skull base osteomyelitis is a rare but potentially fatal condition. It is often characterised by a series of non-specific clinical and radiological signs, making it difficult to distinguish from a malignant lesion. We present the case of an immunocompetent elderly gentleman with multiple cranial nerve palsies and an unremarkable initial ear examination, diagnosed and treated for skull base osteomyelitis, masquerading as malignancy. This initially regressed without antibiotic therapy. This case emphasises the importance of clinicians having a high degree of diagnostic suspicion in order to initiate prompt treatment, thereby improving patient prognosis.

Elective ENT surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic: Experience from a single UK centre.

AIM: To analyse the outcomes of patients who underwent elective ENT surgery during the first peak of the COVID-19 pandemic in a COVID free site. METHODS: This is a retrospective single centre case series of all patients undergoing elective ENT surgery over a 16-week period between 1 April and 22 July 2020. RESULTS: No patients, out of our cohort of 85, developed postoperative COVID-19 symptoms or complications of COVID-19. There were no mortalities. CONCLUSION: The results suggests that hospitals can safely manage elective ENT operating services during the pandemic.

The molecular march of primary and recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) results from the aberrant and uncontrolled growth of the nasopharyngeal epithelium. It is highly associated with the Epstein-Barr virus, especially in regions where it is endemic. In the last decade, significant advances in genetic sequencing techniques have allowed the discovery of many new abnormal molecular processes that undoubtedly contribute to the establishment, growth and spread of this deadly disease. In this review, we consider NPC as EBV induced. We summarise the recent discoveries and how they add to our understanding of the pathophysiology of NPC in the context of genomics first in primary and then in recurrent disease. Overall, we find key early events lead to p16 inactivation and cyclin D1 expression, allowing latent viral infection. Host and viral factors work together to affect a variety of molecular pathways, the most fundamental being activation of NF-κB. Nonetheless, much still yearns to be discovered, especially in recurrent NPC.

VITOM 4K 3D Exoscope: A Preliminary Experience in Thyroid Surgery.

Since its introduction in 2008, the Karl Storz 4K 3D VITOM® exoscope (Karl Storz SE & Co. KG, Tuttlingen, Germany) has been successfully used in various surgical disciplines. This paper describes our department's experience using this technology and its use in the first total thyroidectomy case. The set up of the 3D VITOM exoscope in the operating theatre allows for a user-friendly approach to thyroid surgery with the exoscope placed out of the line of sight of the surgeon with a monitor placed directly ahead. The surgeon has a control panel within reach, which allows for adjustments to image magnification and focus. The use of the 3D VITOM exoscope has the potential to confer significant improvements in patient outcomes by promoting efficient and safer surgery through superior operative visualisation.

Acute presentation of an intraoral dermoid cyst causing airway compromise in a young child.

A 4-month-old boy presented with a cystic swelling at the floor of the mouth causing acute airway compromise. The only previous history of note, was a tongue tie release at 3 days old. CT scan suggested a dermoid cyst with extensive floor of mouth abscess. He had an excision of the cyst and drainage of the superimposed abscess and made a good recovery. The histology report revealed a dermoid cyst which is a rare diagnosis in a child, particularly within the oral cavity. Early treatment is required to remove these lesions especially when they cause airway compromise or swallowing difficulties. This is the first case to our knowledge which suggests tongue tie release procedures causes a predisposition to the development of dermoid cysts in the oral cavity.

The surgical management of recurrent tracheal schwannoma.

A case of a primary tracheal schwannoma refractory to endoscopic treatment in a 54-year-old male is reported. Previous treatment was by endoscopic laser debulking. Computed tomography (CT) 2 months later demonstrated a recurrent tumour involving the anterior tracheal wall with intraluminal tracheal extension. Treatment was successful by limited tracheal resection with primary anastomosis performed 2 weeks following the scan. The histology confirmed a benign neurogenic tumour derived from Schwann cells and clear margins.

Beneath the tip of the iceberg: using electronic referrals to map the unquantified burden of clinical activity in a urology service.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to inform health policy by demonstrating the benefits of an electronic referral (e-referral) system to study inpatient referrals to urology departments. METHODS: London North West Healthcare NHS Trust has over 800 beds and several secondary and tertiary care services. In January 2014, we designed an e-referral form to requisition urology input for in-patients using the Integrated Clinical Environment™ (ICE) platform. We retrospectively reviewed e-referral records from February to December 2014 for patient demography, the referring service and disease groups triggering a referral. RESULTS: There were 1192 referrals. There was a median of 107 e-referrals per month (IQR 97-123, range 91-132) and 4 per day (IQR 2-6, range 0-12). Weekend e-referrals were 127 (median 1, IQR 0-2, range 0-5) with 1065 e-referrals on weekdays (median 4, IQR 3-6, range 0-12). A total of 848 (71.1 %) patients were male, and 344 (28.9 %) were female. Patients' mean age was 63 (SD 21) years. Almost half (550, 46 %) were acute referrals. Amongst the acute referrals, the majority (466, 84.7 %) arose from A&E. From the non-acute conditions, 381 (59.3 %) patients were from the medical specialities and 246 (38.3 %) from surgical disciplines. The three largest disease categories were urolithiasis (287, 24.1 %), haematuria (185, 15.5 %) and for ex-catheterisation (102, 8.6 %). A qualitative review showed the strengths and weaknesses of the system, enabling improvements in operational efficiency. CONCLUSION: An e-referral system monitors activity accurately. Systemic improvement in referral pathways would lead to better patient care and enable services to factor in the unseen component of workload and prompt realistic staffing.