Diagnostic Yield of NGS Tests for Hereditary Ataxia: a Systematic Review.

Next-generation sequencing (NGS), comprising targeted panels (TP), exome sequencing (ES), and genome sequencing (GS) became robust clinical tools for diagnosing hereditary ataxia (HA). Determining their diagnostic yield (DY) is crucial for optimal clinical decision-making. We conducted a comprehensive systematic literature review on the DY of NGS tests for HA. We searched PubMed and Embase databases for relevant studies between 2016 and 2022 and manually examined reference lists of relevant reviews. Eligible studies described the DY of NGS tests in patients with ataxia as a significant feature. Data from 33 eligible studies showed a median DY of 43% (IQR = 9.5-100%). The median DY for TP and ES was 46% and 41.9%, respectively. Higher DY was associated with specific phenotype selection, such as episodic ataxia at 68.35% and early and late onset of ataxia at 46.4% and 54.4%. Parental consanguinity had a DY of 52.4% (p = 0.009), and the presumed autosomal recessive (AR) inheritance pattern showed 62.5%. There was a difference between the median DY of studies that performed targeted sequencing (tandem repeat expansion, TRE) screening and those that did not (p = 0.047). A weak inverse correlation was found between DY and the extent of previous genetic investigation (rho = - 0.323; p = 0.065). The most common genes were CACNA1A and SACS. DY was higher for presumed AR inheritance pattern, positive family history, and parental consanguinity. ES appears more advantageous due to the inclusion of rare genes that might be excluded in TP.

Early Life Nutrition Factors and Risk of Acute Leukemia in Children: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Acute leukemia commonly occurs in young children with peak incidence at the age of 2-5 years. However, the etiology is still unclear and many preventable risk factors still deserve to be reviewed. The focus of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to summarize the evidence concerning early life nourishment (breastfeeding, early life diet), neonatal vitamin K administration and the risk of acute leukemia. All epidemiological studies published up to June 2023 and assessing diet-related risk factors for childhood acute leukemia were identified in two electronic databases (PubMed and Web of Science), with no limits on publication year or language. A total of 38 studies (37 case-control studies and 1 study with pooled analysis) were included. The published risk estimates were combined into a meta-analysis using the Generic Inverse Variance method. The current evidence shows that breastfeeding (yes vs. no) has a protective effect against acute lymphoblastic leukemia (odds ratio = 0.85; 95% CI, 0.76-0.94). Evidence related to the role of other studied factors (foods and supplements) is inconclusive. Further research into the potential role of diet in early life and the risk of acute leukemia is needed to develop prevention strategies at population level. Review Registration: PROSPERO registration no. CRD42019128937.

Role of Maternal Diet in the Risk of Childhood Acute Leukemia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Many studies have investigated the etiology of acute leukemia, one of the most common types of cancer in children; however, there is a lack of clarity regarding preventable risk factors. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to summarize the current evidence regarding the role of maternal dietary factors in the development of childhood leukemia. All epidemiological studies published until July 2022 that evaluated maternal dietary risk factors for childhood acute leukemia were identified in two electronic databases (PubMed and Web of Science) without limits of publication year or language. A total of 38 studies (1 prospective cohort study, 34 case-control studies and 3 studies with pooled analysis) were included. The published risk estimates were combined into a meta-analysis, using the Generic Inverse Variance method. The maternal consumption of fruits (two or more daily servings vs. less) was inversely associated with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (odds ratio = 0.71; 95% CI, 0.59-0.86), whereas maternal coffee intake (higher than two cups per day vs. no consumption) was associated with an increased risk of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (odds ratio = 1.45; 95% CI, 1.12-1.89). Despite these findings, more high-quality research from cohort studies and the identification of causal factors are needed to develop evidence-based and cost-effective prevention strategies applicable at the population level. Review Registration: PROSPERO registration no. CRD42019128937.

Dietary exposure to food azo-colours in a sample of pre-school children from Southern Brazil.

The dietary exposure of six food azo-colours was assessed in a sample of pre-schoolers from Guaratuba-Paraná, Brazil. Consumption data of 323 children aged 2 to 5 years was collected through 3-day food records. Dietary exposure, is expressed by milligrams of food colour by kilogram of body weight per day, as compared to the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI). Three exposure scenarios were developed to account for uncertainties around consumption estimates. Intakes of Amaranth (INS 123) described in means, 50th and 95th percentiles exceeded ADI levels in the two most conservative scenarios, with the highest percentiles exceeding about four times the ADI. High intakes of Sunset Yellow FCF (INS 110) were also observed, of up to 85% of the ADI in the worst-case scenario. Findings suggest high exposure levels to azo-dyes in the survey population, with children likely exceeding the ADI for Amaranth (INS 123) and concerns for Sunset Yellow FCF (INS 110). Major food contributors were beverages (juice powders and soft drinks), dairy and sweets. Further studies on dietary exposure assessment are needed at the national level. The authors highlight the need of controlling the use of such additives through national policies that are aligned with the consumption patterns observed in the country.

Dietary exposure to low-calorie sweeteners in a sample of Brazilian pregnant women.

The dietary exposure to low-calorie sweeteners (LCS) was estimated in a sample of pregnant Brazilian women. Consumption data were obtained with a 24-h Dietary Recall interview. Because of the uncertainty in assessing foods with LCS, they were classified into three scenarios to ensure inclusion of the 15 LCS allowed for use in Brazil: ranging from a less to a more conservative scenario. The concentration of LCS was estimated using the amount declared on the label or the maximum permitted levels and analytical determination data for table-top sweeteners. The frequency of consumption was higher for acesulfame-K, aspartame, and cyclamate. The food groups contributing the most to the consumption of LCS were non-alcoholic beverages, table-top sweeteners, confectionary and desserts. The level of dietary exposure to LCS was within the safety limit. However, continued efforts to monitor their dietary exposure are necessary given the limitations highlighted in this study.

Dietary patterns and associated factors of children under two years of age born prematurely.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the dietary patterns and associated factors of children aged between 6 and 23 months, born prematurely and assisted at a University Hospital in Curitiba, state of Paraná, Brazil. METHODS: The parents or guardians of the 135 children were asked about their children's eating habits and the family's socioeconomic and demographic conditions. Information regarding birth and health history were obtained from medical records. Data on food consumption were subjected to exploratory factor analysis and the principal component analysis method was used to estimate the factor loads. Multiple linear regression was performed to verify possible associations. RESULTS: Two dietary patterns were observed: "unhealthy" and "healthy." The "unhealthy" pattern was significantly associated with maternal age, the child's corrected age, and gestational age at birth. The "healthy pattern" was associated with the child's corrected age. Maternal age and child's corrected age remained significant after multiple regression analyses. For the "unhealthy" pattern, a positive effect was observed, suggesting that the consumption of this pattern is higher as the child's age increases and less intense for children with mothers aged 30 years or older. For the "healthy" dietary pattern, the same two variables showed statistical significance. The authors observed a direct proportion between the age and consumption of food groups in both patterns. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate the importance of nutritional education for younger mothers regarding their children's eating practices, especially as the child grows.

Consumption of food groups and associated factors among children aged 6 to 23 months.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the consumption of food groups among children aged 6 to 23 months in day care centers and at home and its associated factors. METHODS: This is a population-based cross-sectional study conducted with children from nursery schools in Guaratuba, Paraná. Parents answered a socioeconomic and demographic questionnaire. Food consumption was assessed by directly weighing the meals offered at the day care center. At home, parents filled an estimated food record. The reported foods were classified into seven food groups. Minimum dietary diversity was calculated by the proportion of children who consumed foods from four or more groups. Data were analyzed by simple and multiple logistic regression, presented as odds ratios. RESULTS: A total of 213 children participated in this study. The average number of food groups consumed was 4.2±1.0 at home and 4.2±1.2 in day care centers. At the day care center, all children consumed grains, roots, and tubers, while at home, this rate was 99.1%. The egg group was the least consumed both at day care (6.6%) and at home (2.8%). At home, more than 60% of children consumed sweets and sugar-sweetened beverages. Children aged 12 to 23 months were more likely to consume milk and dairy products, as well as flesh foods. Higher income was associated with the consumption of legumes, and older maternal age with the consumption of fruits and vegetables. CONCLUSIONS: At home, children had a predominantly dairy-based diet and a high intake of ultra-processed foods. In day care centers, the consumption of healthy foods was higher, indicating the need for families to participate in the formation of healthy eating habits.

Effectiveness of green tea extract (Camellia sinensis) capsule supplementation for post-exercise muscle recovery in healthy adults: a systematic review protocol.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the review is to evaluate the effectiveness of green tea extract (Camellia sinensis) capsule supplementation compared with placebo for post-exercise muscle pain and muscle recovery in healthy adults. INTRODUCTION: Green tea extract is popularly consumed by athletes and practitioners of physical activity, as it is easily accessible in supermarkets and health food stores. It is a source of catechins, which assist the endogenous antioxidant system in combating free radicals produced during exercise that can lead to oxidative stress and, therefore, muscle damage and delayed-onset muscle pain. However, there is no consensus on the effect of green tea extract and the ideal and safe dosage to promote muscle recovery. INCLUSION CRITERIA: Studies on the effectiveness of supplementation with green tea extract capsules compared with placebo in post-exercise muscle pain and muscle recovery in healthy adults will be included. Studies that are associated with any other source of polyphenols with green tea extract will be excluded. METHODS: Studies will be identified using the following databases: Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Virtual Health Library, SPORTDiscus, Science Direct, and Scopus. OpenGrey, DART-Europe, and Google Scholar will be used to identify unpublished studies. Studies published in English, French, Spanish, or Portuguese will be included. There will be no restriction on the date of publication. Two authors will independently screen titles and abstracts following previously defined eligibility criteria. After excluding irrelevant studies, the authors will read the full texts of any articles potentially eligible for further evaluation. Any disagreements will be resolved by discussion or by consulting a third author. The included studies will be assessed on their methodological quality using the appropriate JBI critical appraisal checklist, and the data will be extracted by the two authors. A meta-analysis will be performed using a random effects or fixed effects model. The heterogeneity of the data will be calculated. This review will follow the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) to classify the certainty of the evidence. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION NUMBER: PROSPERO CRD42020138772.

Dietary patterns and associated factors of children under two years of age born prematurely / Padrões alimentares e fatores associados de crianças menores de dois anos nascidas prematuramente

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the dietary patterns and associated factors of children aged between 6 and 23 months, born prematurely and assisted at a University Hospital in Curitiba, state of Paraná, Brazil. Methods: The parents or guardians of the 135 children were asked about their children's eating habits and the family's socioeconomic and demographic conditions. Information regarding birth and health history were obtained from medical records. Data on food consumption were subjected to exploratory factor analysis and the principal component analysis method was used to estimate the factor loads. Multiple linear regression was performed to verify possible associations. Results: Two dietary patterns were observed: "unhealthy" and "healthy." The "unhealthy" pattern was significantly associated with maternal age, the child's corrected age, and gestational age at birth. The "healthy pattern" was associated with the child's corrected age. Maternal age and child's corrected age remained significant after multiple regression analyses. For the "unhealthy" pattern, a positive effect was observed, suggesting that the consumption of this pattern is higher as the child's age increases and less intense for children with mothers aged 30 years or older. For the "healthy" dietary pattern, the same two variables showed statistical significance. The authors observed a direct proportion between the age and consumption of food groups in both patterns. Conclusions: These results indicate the importance of nutritional education for younger mothers regarding their children's eating practices, especially as the child grows.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar os padrões alimentares e fatores associados de crianças entre seis e 23 meses de idade, nascidas prematuramente e assistidas em um Hospital Universitário de Curitiba, Paraná. Métodos: Os pais ou responsáveis pelas 135 crianças foram questionados quanto aos hábitos alimentares dos filhos e as condições socioeconômicas e demográficas da família. Informações relativas ao nascimento e ao histórico de saúde foram obtidas dos prontuários. Os dados de consumo alimentar foram submetidos a análise fatorial exploratória e o método dos componentes principais foi utilizado para estimar as cargas fatoriais. Regressão linear múltipla foi realizada para verificar possíveis associações. Resultados: Foram observados dois padrões alimentares distintos. Aquele denominado de "não saudável" apresentou associação significativa com a idade materna, a idade corrigida da criança e a idade gestacional ao nascer. Por sua vez, o padrão denominado de "saudável" esteve associado à idade corrigida da criança. As variáveis idade materna e idade corrigida da criança permaneceram significativas após as análises de regressão múltipla. Para o padrão "não saudável", observou-se um efeito positivo, o que sugere que seu consumo é maior conforme a idade da criança aumenta e menos intenso para crianças com mães de 30 anos de idade ou mais. Para o padrão "saudável", as mesmas duas variáveis mostraram significância estatística. Observamos uma proporção direta entre idade e consumo dos grupos alimentares em ambos os padrões. Conclusões: Esses resultados apontam para a importância da educação nutricional de mães mais jovens quanto às práticas alimentares de seus filhos, especialmente à medida que a criança cresce.

Identifying and classifying anthropometric indicator for cardiovascular risk and coronary artery calcification: a protocol for a scoping review study.

INTRODUCTION: Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of mortality and disability worldwide, so the prevention becomes a priority in terms of public health. Therefore, it is necessary to use validated strategies to adequately identify these patients in daily clinical practice. The objective of this scope review is to comprehend and comprehensively describe the anthropometric indicators used in studies, such as such as weight, height, circumferences, lengths and skin folds, that address its association with coronary artery calcification to identify cardiovascular risk in the adult population. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: Using Arksey and O'Malley's scoping review methodology as a guide, our scoping review of published reviews begins by searching several databases: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials in the Cochrane Library, Medline Complete (EbscoHost), Embase, LILACS (Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde-BIREME Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde)and Web of Science and Scielo. As well as, it will be searched in the International Platform of the Registry of Clinical Trials of the WHO (www.who.int/ictrp); ClinicalTrials.gov; Transforming Research into Practice. Our team has formulated search strategies and two reviewers will independently screen eligible studies for final study selection. Bibliographic data and abstract content will be collected and analysed using a tool developed iteratively by the research team. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This protocol reports a comprehensive, rigorous and transparent methodology. This scoping review will be the first study to compare anthropometric measurements and coronary artery calcification, and thereby will contribute to the design and comparison of future studies in this field. This protocol reports a comprehensive, rigorous and transparent methodology. The results will be disseminated through a peer-reviewed publication. By identifying gaps in the current body of literature, this study can guide future research.

[Maternity and breastfeeding: identity, body and gender]. / Maternidade e amamentação: identidade, corpo e gênero.

Breastfeeding is a multifaceted phenomenon involving the complexity of the social world, the roles assumed by women, their attributes and social expectations. This theoretical essay proposes a reflection on motherhood, problematizing the experience of breastfeeding and the construction of social identity in line with Anselm Levi Strauss's sociological concepts of interactionism. This article sought to make associations between body, identity, and socialization processes in adulthood, generated by new social demands in fulfilling the roles of woman and mother, focusing on the breastfeeding experience. The way motherhood is conceived in contemporary society and the register of breastfeeding as a phenomenon of nature are problematized to give the woman a vocation to motherhood and breastfeeding, producing a social expectation of the innate ability to perform them.

A amamentação é um fenômeno multifacetado que envolve a complexidade do mundo social, os papéis assumidos pela mulher, seus atributos e expectativas sociais. Este ensaio teórico propõe uma reflexão em torno da maternidade, problematizando a experiência da amamentação e a construção de identidade se aproximando de conceitos sociológicos do interacionismo de Anselm Levi Strauss. Procurou-se fazer associações entre o corpo, a identidade e os processos de socialização na vida adulta gerados pelas novas demandas sociais na realização de papéis de mulher e mãe, concentrando-se na experiência da amamentação. Problematiza-se a forma como a maternidade é concebida na sociedade contemporânea e a inscrição da amamentação como fenômeno da natureza, de tal forma que se confere à mulher uma vocação à maternidade e ao aleitamento, produzindo-se uma expectativa social de habilidade nata para o desempenho dos mesmos.

Maternidade e amamentação: identidade, corpo e gênero / Maternity and breastfeeding: identity, body and gender

Resumo A amamentação é um fenômeno multifacetado que envolve a complexidade do mundo social, os papéis assumidos pela mulher, seus atributos e expectativas sociais. Este ensaio teórico propõe uma reflexão em torno da maternidade, problematizando a experiência da amamentação e a construção de identidade se aproximando de conceitos sociológicos do interacionismo de Anselm Levi Strauss. Procurou-se fazer associações entre o corpo, a identidade e os processos de socialização na vida adulta gerados pelas novas demandas sociais na realização de papéis de mulher e mãe, concentrando-se na experiência da amamentação. Problematiza-se a forma como a maternidade é concebida na sociedade contemporânea e a inscrição da amamentação como fenômeno da natureza, de tal forma que se confere à mulher uma vocação à maternidade e ao aleitamento, produzindo-se uma expectativa social de habilidade nata para o desempenho dos mesmos.

Abstract Breastfeeding is a multifaceted phenomenon involving the complexity of the social world, the roles assumed by women, their attributes and social expectations. This theoretical essay proposes a reflection on motherhood, problematizing the experience of breastfeeding and the construction of social identity in line with Anselm Levi Strauss's sociological concepts of interactionism. This article sought to make associations between body, identity, and socialization processes in adulthood, generated by new social demands in fulfilling the roles of woman and mother, focusing on the breastfeeding experience. The way motherhood is conceived in contemporary society and the register of breastfeeding as a phenomenon of nature are problematized to give the woman a vocation to motherhood and breastfeeding, producing a social expectation of the innate ability to perform them.

[School Food in Brazil and the United States: an integrative review]. / Alimentação Escolar no Brasil e Estados Unidos: uma revisão integrativa.

This paper is an integrative review of the literature that sought to identify the factors that influence the adhesion and acceptance of school food among Brazilian and American students, and to show the main differences between the programs of these two countries. the following databases were consulted: Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences (Lilacs); Pubmed; Scientific Electronic Library Online (Scielo); and Science Direct. Data were collected between July and August 2015, using the following key words in Portuguese and English: "adherence to school food" (adesão à alimentação escolar), "accepting of school feeding" (aceitação à alimentação escolar) and the "National School Lunch Program" ("Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar"). The search resulted in 7 Brazilian articles and 7 Americans articles published between 2004 and 2014, besides the current laws of each program, selected in the electronic sites of agencies responsible for administrating them. After descriptive and comparative analysis, the results revealed that adherence and acceptance are low in both programs, and they are influenced by socioeconomic factors, competitive foods present in the school environment and students' food preferences.

Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura que teve como objetivo identificar os fatores que influenciam a adesão e a aceitação da alimentação escolar entre estudantes brasileiros e americanos, e apontar as principais diferenças entre os programas desses dois países. A busca dos trabalhos científicos foi realizada nas bases de dados da Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (Lilacs), Pubmed, Scientific Eletronic Library Online (SciELO) e Science Direct. Os dados foram coletados no período de julho a agosto de 2015, utilizando os seguintes descritores em português e inglês: "adesão à alimentação escolar" (adherence of school feeding), "aceitação à alimentação escolar" (accepting of school feeding), "Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar" e "National School Lunch Program". A busca resultou em 07 artigos brasileiros e 07 artigos americanos, publicados entre os períodos de 2004 a 2014, além das legislações vigentes de cada programa, selecionadas nos sites eletrônicos dos órgãos responsáveis pelo gerenciamento dos mesmos. Após análise descritiva e comparativa, os resultados demonstraram que a adesão e a aceitação foram baixas em ambos os programas, e que são influenciadas por fatores socioeconômicos, alimentos competitivos presentes no ambiente escolar e pelas preferências alimentares dos alunos.

Alimentação Escolar no Brasil e Estados Unidos: uma revisão integrativa / School Food in Brazil and the United States: an integrative review

Resumo Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura que teve como objetivo identificar os fatores que influenciam a adesão e a aceitação da alimentação escolar entre estudantes brasileiros e americanos, e apontar as principais diferenças entre os programas desses dois países. A busca dos trabalhos científicos foi realizada nas bases de dados da Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (Lilacs), Pubmed, Scientific Eletronic Library Online (SciELO) e Science Direct. Os dados foram coletados no período de julho a agosto de 2015, utilizando os seguintes descritores em português e inglês: "adesão à alimentação escolar" (adherence of school feeding), "aceitação à alimentação escolar" (accepting of school feeding), "Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar" e "National School Lunch Program". A busca resultou em 07 artigos brasileiros e 07 artigos americanos, publicados entre os períodos de 2004 a 2014, além das legislações vigentes de cada programa, selecionadas nos sites eletrônicos dos órgãos responsáveis pelo gerenciamento dos mesmos. Após análise descritiva e comparativa, os resultados demonstraram que a adesão e a aceitação foram baixas em ambos os programas, e que são influenciadas por fatores socioeconômicos, alimentos competitivos presentes no ambiente escolar e pelas preferências alimentares dos alunos.

Abstract This paper is an integrative review of the literature that sought to identify the factors that influence the adhesion and acceptance of school food among Brazilian and American students, and to show the main differences between the programs of these two countries. the following databases were consulted: Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences (Lilacs); Pubmed; Scientific Electronic Library Online (Scielo); and Science Direct. Data were collected between July and August 2015, using the following key words in Portuguese and English: "adherence to school food" (adesão à alimentação escolar), "accepting of school feeding" (aceitação à alimentação escolar) and the "National School Lunch Program" ("Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar"). The search resulted in 7 Brazilian articles and 7 Americans articles published between 2004 and 2014, besides the current laws of each program, selected in the electronic sites of agencies responsible for administrating them. After descriptive and comparative analysis, the results revealed that adherence and acceptance are low in both programs, and they are influenced by socioeconomic factors, competitive foods present in the school environment and students' food preferences.

[Factors associated with adherence to school meals by adolescents in State public schools in Colombo, Paraná State, Brazil]. / Fatores associados à adesão à alimentação escolar por adolescentes de escolas públicas estaduais de Colombo, Paraná, Brasil.

This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of adherence to school meals and associated factors among adolescent schoolchildren (N = 1,569). The adolescents completed an on-line questionnaire on adherence to school meals, and their parents answered another questionnaire on socioeconomic data. The chi-square test was used to assess the association between adherence to school meals and gender, nutritional status, per capita family income, maternal schooling, adolescents' opinions on the dining hall layout, whether they considered school meals healthy, and consumption of other foods. Variables with statistical significance for adherence to school meals were included in the multilevel proportional odds logistic regression model. The covariates for comprising the final model were defined by backward selection methods. The results of the adjusted model were presented as odds ratios with respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Prevalence of adherence to school meals was low, especially effective adherence (19.8%). Adherence was associated with per capita family income less than one minimum wage, lower consumption of foods outside of school meals, the fact that adolescents considered the dining hall space adequate, and believing that school meals are healthy. Adherence to school meals in this study falls short of universal coverage for the program. Different factors contribute to incomplete program implementation, which may hinder achieving the food and nutritional security policy under the Brazilian National School Feeding Program (PNAE).

O objetivo deste estudo é identificar a prevalência e os fatores associados à adesão à alimentação escolar de adolescentes, sendo avaliados 1.569 indivíduos. Foi aplicado um formulário on-line sobre adesão à alimentação escolar aos adolescentes, e outro com dados socioeconômicos, aos pais. O teste de χ² foi utilizado para avaliar a associação entre a adesão à alimentação escolar e sexo, estado nutricional, renda familiar per capita, escolaridade materna, opinião dos adolescentes sobre a estrutura do refeitório, se consideram a alimentação escolar saudável ou não e consumo de outros alimentos. As variáveis com significância estatística em relação à adesão à alimentação escolar foram incluídas no modelo de regressão logística de chances proporcionais pelo modelo multinível. O conjunto de covariáveis a compor o modelo final foi definido por métodos de seleção Backward. O resultado do modelo ajustado foi apresentado na forma de razão de chances, acompanhado dos respectivos intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC95%). A prevalência de adesão à alimentação escolar foi baixa, especialmente a adesão efetiva (19,8%). A adesão mostrou-se associada à renda familiar per capita inferior a um salário mínimo, ao menor consumo de alimentos que não os da alimentação escolar, ao fato de os adolescentes considerarem o espaço do refeitório adequado e acreditarem que a alimentação escolar era saudável. A adesão à alimentação escolar neste estudo está distante de atender a universalidade do programa. Diferentes fatores apontados contribuem para a sua não efetivação, o que pode dificultar a concretização da política de segurança alimentar e nutricional, uma perspectiva do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE).

El objetivo de este estudio es identificar la prevalencia y los factores asociados con la adhesión a la alimentación escolar por parte de adolescentes, siendo evaluados 1.569 individuos. Se aplicó un formulario on-line sobre adhesión a la alimentación escolar por parte de los adolescentes, y otro con datos socioeconómicos a los padres. El test de χ² se utilizó para evaluar la asociación entre la adhesión a la alimentación escolar y sexo, estado nutricional, renta familiar per cápita, escolaridad materna, opinión de los adolescentes sobre la estructura del comedor, si consideraban la alimentación escolar sana o no y el consumo de otros alimentos. Las variables con significancia estadística, en relación con la adhesión a la alimentación escolar, se incluyeron en el modelo de regresión logística de oportunidades proporcionales por el modelo multinivel. El conjunto de covariables para componer el modelo final fue definido por métodos de selección Backward. El resultado del modelo ajustado fue presentado en forma de razón de oportunidad, acompañado de sus respectivos intervalos de 95% de confianza (IC95%). La prevalencia de adhesión a la alimentación escolar fue baja, especialmente la adhesión efectiva (19,8%). La adhesión se mostró asociada a la renta familiar per cápita inferior a un salario mínimo, a un menor consumo de alimentos que no son los de la alimentación escolar, al hecho de que los adolescentes considerasen el espacio del comedor adecuado y creyeran que la alimentación escolar era sana. La adhesión a la alimentación escolar en este estudio está distante de atender la universalidad del programa. Diferentes factores apuntados contribuyen a su no efectivación, lo que puede dificultar la concretización de la política de seguridad alimentaria y nutricional, una perspectiva del Programa Nacional de Alimentación Escolar (PNAE).

Fatores associados à adesão à alimentação escolar por adolescentes de escolas públicas estaduais de Colombo, Paraná, Brasil / Factors associated with adherence to school meals by adolescents in State public schools in Colombo, Paraná State, Brazil / Factores asociados con la adhesión a la alimentación escolar por parte de adolescentes de escuelas públicas estatales de Colombo, Paraná, Brasil

O objetivo deste estudo é identificar a prevalência e os fatores associados à adesão à alimentação escolar de adolescentes, sendo avaliados 1.569 indivíduos. Foi aplicado um formulário on-line sobre adesão à alimentação escolar aos adolescentes, e outro com dados socioeconômicos, aos pais. O teste de χ² foi utilizado para avaliar a associação entre a adesão à alimentação escolar e sexo, estado nutricional, renda familiar per capita, escolaridade materna, opinião dos adolescentes sobre a estrutura do refeitório, se consideram a alimentação escolar saudável ou não e consumo de outros alimentos. As variáveis com significância estatística em relação à adesão à alimentação escolar foram incluídas no modelo de regressão logística de chances proporcionais pelo modelo multinível. O conjunto de covariáveis a compor o modelo final foi definido por métodos de seleção Backward. O resultado do modelo ajustado foi apresentado na forma de razão de chances, acompanhado dos respectivos intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC95%). A prevalência de adesão à alimentação escolar foi baixa, especialmente a adesão efetiva (19,8%). A adesão mostrou-se associada à renda familiar per capita inferior a um salário mínimo, ao menor consumo de alimentos que não os da alimentação escolar, ao fato de os adolescentes considerarem o espaço do refeitório adequado e acreditarem que a alimentação escolar era saudável. A adesão à alimentação escolar neste estudo está distante de atender a universalidade do programa. Diferentes fatores apontados contribuem para a sua não efetivação, o que pode dificultar a concretização da política de segurança alimentar e nutricional, uma perspectiva do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE).

This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of adherence to school meals and associated factors among adolescent schoolchildren (N = 1,569). The adolescents completed an on-line questionnaire on adherence to school meals, and their parents answered another questionnaire on socioeconomic data. The chi-square test was used to assess the association between adherence to school meals and gender, nutritional status, per capita family income, maternal schooling, adolescents' opinions on the dining hall layout, whether they considered school meals healthy, and consumption of other foods. Variables with statistical significance for adherence to school meals were included in the multilevel proportional odds logistic regression model. The covariates for comprising the final model were defined by backward selection methods. The results of the adjusted model were presented as odds ratios with respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Prevalence of adherence to school meals was low, especially effective adherence (19.8%). Adherence was associated with per capita family income less than one minimum wage, lower consumption of foods outside of school meals, the fact that adolescents considered the dining hall space adequate, and believing that school meals are healthy. Adherence to school meals in this study falls short of universal coverage for the program. Different factors contribute to incomplete program implementation, which may hinder achieving the food and nutritional security policy under the Brazilian National School Feeding Program (PNAE).

El objetivo de este estudio es identificar la prevalencia y los factores asociados con la adhesión a la alimentación escolar por parte de adolescentes, siendo evaluados 1.569 individuos. Se aplicó un formulario on-line sobre adhesión a la alimentación escolar por parte de los adolescentes, y otro con datos socioeconómicos a los padres. El test de χ² se utilizó para evaluar la asociación entre la adhesión a la alimentación escolar y sexo, estado nutricional, renta familiar per cápita, escolaridad materna, opinión de los adolescentes sobre la estructura del comedor, si consideraban la alimentación escolar sana o no y el consumo de otros alimentos. Las variables con significancia estadística, en relación con la adhesión a la alimentación escolar, se incluyeron en el modelo de regresión logística de oportunidades proporcionales por el modelo multinivel. El conjunto de covariables para componer el modelo final fue definido por métodos de selección Backward. El resultado del modelo ajustado fue presentado en forma de razón de oportunidad, acompañado de sus respectivos intervalos de 95% de confianza (IC95%). La prevalencia de adhesión a la alimentación escolar fue baja, especialmente la adhesión efectiva (19,8%). La adhesión se mostró asociada a la renta familiar per cápita inferior a un salario mínimo, a un menor consumo de alimentos que no son los de la alimentación escolar, al hecho de que los adolescentes considerasen el espacio del comedor adecuado y creyeran que la alimentación escolar era sana. La adhesión a la alimentación escolar en este estudio está distante de atender la universalidad del programa. Diferentes factores apuntados contribuyen a su no efectivación, lo que puede dificultar la concretización de la política de seguridad alimentaria y nutricional, una perspectiva del Programa Nacional de Alimentación Escolar (PNAE).

Professional practice of dietitians in the Brazilian School Feeding Program: A multiple case study / Atuação do nutricionista no Programa Nacional de Alimentação escolar: estudo de casos múltiplos

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess dietician's numerical parameters for school feeding and discuss limitations and possibilities for professional practice in the municipalities of Vale do Ivaí, in Northern Paraná, Brazil. Methods: This is a multiple case study. A semi-structured interview was administered to dietitians working at the School Feeding Program in nine cities located in Vale do Ivaí, Paraná, Brazil. Resolution nº 465/2010, from the Brazilian Federal Board of Dietitians, was used to calculate the adequacy of working hours of dietitians. The legistation of the Brazilian School Feeding Program was applied to discuss professional practice. Results: All the cities had at least one dietitian responsible for the School Feeding Program. The percentage of adequate working hours was from 20 to 66%. Some dietitians were involved in management activities, administration, procurement, and accounting, in addition to dietitian assignments for the School Feeding Program. Most dietitians worked in other sectors of the municipalities such as the health system, social assistance, and at events. This practice could compromise compliance of technical activities that must be met by the dietitians of the School Feeding Program. Conclusion: The number of dietitians in most of cities working at School Feeding Program is not sufficient to meet the number of students. The insuficient workload and excessive activities could hinder the development of dietitian's private activities. The hiring of nutrition and dietitian technicians and administrative assistants for bureaucratic activies is recommended.

RESUMO Objetivo: Verificar a adequação dos parâmetros numéricos de nutricionistas na alimentação escolar e discutir limites e possibilidades da atuação profissional no Programa de Alimentação Escolar em municípios do Vale do Ivaí, Norte do Paraná. Métodos: Estudo de casos múltiplos realizado por meio de entrevista semiestruturada com nutricionistas da alimentação escolar de nove municípios do Vale do Ivaí. A Resolução nº 465/2010, do Conselho Federal de Nutricionistas, foi utilizada como base para cálculo da adequação da carga horária do nutricionista. A legislação do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar foi utilizada para discussão da atuação profissional. Resultados: Os municípios contavam com nutricionista responsável técnico pelo Programa de Alimentação Escolar, porém, o percentual de adequação da carga horária variou de 20 a 66%. Foram evidenciadas atividades de gestão, licitação e contabilidade, além das atribuições do nutricionista previstas para o Programa. A maioria dos nutri-cionistas também atendia a outras áreas dos municípios, como saúde, social e eventos, o que sugere um comprometimento das atribuições do profissional e, consequentemente, da execução do Programa. Conclusão: O número de nutricionistas no Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar nos municípios investigados é insuficiente em relação ao número de alunos. A carga horária insuficiente e a demanda excessiva de atividades podem impedir que o desenvolvimento de atividades privativas do nutricionista. A contratação de técnicos em nutrição e dietética e auxiliares administrativos para tarefas burocráticas deve ser incitada.

Prevalence and risk factors of anemia in children / Prevalência e fatores de risco da anemia em crianças

Abstract Objective: To identify the prevalence and factors associated with anemia in children attending Municipal Early Childhood Education Day Care Center (Centros Municipais de Educação Infantil [CMEI]) nurseries in Colombo-PR. Methods: Analytical, cross-sectional study with a representative sample of 334 children obtained by stratified cluster sampling, with random selection of 26 nurseries. Data collection was conducted through interviews with parents, assessment of iron intake by direct food weighing, and hemoglobin measurement using the finger-stick test. Bivariate association tests were performed followed by multiple logistic regression adjustment. Results: The prevalence of anemia was 34.7%. Factors associated with anemia were: maternal age younger than 28 years old (p = 0.03), male children (p = 0.02), children younger than 24 months (p = 0.01), and children who did not consume iron food sources (meat + beans + dark green leafy vegetables) (p = 0.02). There was no association between anemia and iron food intake in CMEI. However, iron intake was well below the recommended levels according to the National Education Development Fund resolution, higher prevalence of anemia was observed in children whose intake of iron, heme iron, and nonheme iron was below the median. Conclusions: In terms of public health, the prevalence of anemia is characterized as a moderate problem in the studied population and demonstrates the need for coordination of interdisciplinary actions for its reduction in CMEI nurseries.

Resumo Objetivo: Identificar a prevalência e os fatores associados à anemia em crianças que frequentam berçários de Centros Municipais de Educação Infantil (CMEI) de Colombo (PR). Métodos: Estudo analítico, de caráter transversal, com amostra representativa de 334 crianças obtida por amostragem estratificada por conglomerados, com seleção aleatória de 26 berçários. A coleta de dados foi feita por meio de entrevista com os pais, avaliação da ingestão de ferro por pesagem direta de alimentos e dosagem de hemoglobina por punção digital. Foram feitos testes de associação bivariados seguidos pelo ajuste de uma regressão logística múltipla. Resultados: A prevalência de anemia foi de 34,7%. Os fatores associados à anemia foram: idade materna inferior a 28 anos (p = 0,03), crianças do sexo masculino (p = 0,02), com idade inferior a 24 meses (p = 0,01) e que não consumiam fontes alimentares de ferro (carne + feijão + verduras verde-escuro) (p = 0,02). Não houve associação entre anemia e ingestão de ferro no CMEI. Porém, a ingestão de ferro foi bem abaixo da recomenda pela resolução do Fundo Nacional de Desenvolvimento da Educação. Foi possível observar maior prevalência de anemia nas crianças cuja ingestão de ferro, ferro heme e ferro não heme apresentava-se abaixo da mediana. Conclusão: Em termos de saúde pública, a prevalência de anemia encontrada se caracteriza como um problema moderado na população estudada e demonstra a necessidade de articulação de ações interdisciplinares para a sua diminuição nos CMEIs.

Prevalence and risk factors of anemia in children.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the prevalence and factors associated with anemia in children attending Municipal Early Childhood Education Day Care Center (Centros Municipais de Educação Infantil [CMEI]) nurseries in Colombo-PR. METHODS: Analytical, cross-sectional study with a representative sample of 334 children obtained by stratified cluster sampling, with random selection of 26 nurseries. Data collection was conducted through interviews with parents, assessment of iron intake by direct food weighing, and hemoglobin measurement using the finger-stick test. Bivariate association tests were performed followed by multiple logistic regression adjustment. RESULTS: The prevalence of anemia was 34.7%. Factors associated with anemia were: maternal age younger than 28 years old (p=0.03), male children (p=0.02), children younger than 24 months (p=0.01), and children who did not consume iron food sources (meat+beans+dark green leafy vegetables) (p=0.02). There was no association between anemia and iron food intake in CMEI. However, iron intake was well below the recommended levels according to the National Education Development Fund resolution, higher prevalence of anemia was observed in children whose intake of iron, heme iron, and nonheme iron was below the median. CONCLUSIONS: In terms of public health, the prevalence of anemia is characterized as a moderate problem in the studied population and demonstrates the need for coordination of interdisciplinary actions for its reduction in CMEI nurseries.

Consumo alimentar de crianças de 12 a 30 meses que frequentam Centros Municipais de Educação Infantil no município de Colombo, Sul do Brasil / Food consumption in 12-30-month-old children attending Municipal Daycare Centers in the municipality of Colombo, Southern Brazil

Objetivo:Analisar o consumo alimentar de crianças de 12 a 30 meses que frequentam Centros Municipais de Educação Infantil.Métodos:Estudo transversal realizado com 86 crianças dos Centros Municipais de Educação Infantil do município de Colombo, Paraná. O consumo alimentar nas creches foi avaliado pelo método da pesagem direta individual dos alimentos em dois dias não consecutivos e, no domicílio, utilizando-se o recordatório alimentar de 24 horas. Foram analisadas as medianas e o risco de inadequação de energia e de nutrientes de acordo com as Ingestões Dietéticas de Referência e as recomendações do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar.Resultados:A maioria dos nutrientes apresentou ingestão mediana diária acima dos valores recomendados pelas Ingestões Dietéticas de Referência; o cálcio apresentou o maior risco de inadequação entre os nutrientes; 43% das crianças mostraram elevada ingestão energética e o lipídeo apresentou valor abaixo do aceitável. O consumo nas creches foi inferior às recomendações do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar para energia, carboidrato, lipídeo, cálcio, ferro e fibras. A contribuição da ingestão de energia e lipídeo no domicílio foi superior a 50% em relação à ingestão diária.Conclusão:Os valores medianos dos nutrientes, geralmente acima das recomendações, associados aos riscos de inadequação de alguns micronutrientes e ao elevado consumo energético, evidenciam a importância de adequar o consumo alimentar e promover hábitos alimentares saudáveis nas crianças.

Objective:To analyze food consumption in 12-30 month-old children attending Municipal Daycare Centers.Methods: Cross-sectional study including 86 children of Municipal Daycare Centers in Colombo, Paraná State. Food consumption in the daycare centers was evaluated using the individual direct food weighing method in two non-consecutive days, and household food consumption was evaluated using the individual 24-hour dietary recall method. The median intake values and the prevalence of inadequacy of energy and nutrient intake were analyzed according to the Dietary Reference Intakes and the recommendations of the National School Feeding Program.Results: Most of the nutrients had median daily intake values above the daily dietary intake level, the Recommended Dietary Intake. Calcium had the highest prevalence of inadequacy among the nutrients evaluated; high energy intake was observed in 43% of children, and fat intake was below the recommended levels. The consumption of energy, carbohydrate, fat, calcium, iron, and fiber in the daycare centers evaluated was below the recommendations of the National School Feeding Program. The consumption of energy and fat at the household level accounts for more than 50% of the daily intake.Conclusion: The nutrient median intake values were in general above the recommended allowance, which, associated with the risk of inadequate intake of certain micronutrients and the high energy level consumption, demonstrates the importance of adequate food intake and the promotion healthy eating habits in children.