Continuing breastfeeding upon returning to work: feelings, challenges and strategies of breastfeeding nurses.

OBJECTIVE: To describe feelings, challenges and strategies related to the continuity of breastfeeding after returning to work in the perception of lactating nurses. METHOD: Descriptive, exploratory, qualitative study, with snowball sampling. Data collection occurred virtually between August and September 2020 in the State of Rio de Janeiro. Interface de R pour les Analyses Multidimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionnaires software and a thematic analysis were used. RESULTS: 42 breastfeeding nurses participated and cited fear, missing the child, anguish, and pleasure in returning to work. Challenges such as lack of infrastructure for pumping the breast in health services, unfavorable scales, and multiple jobs were reported. Support networks, listening spaces, and appropriate times and places for breast milk pumping were mentioned as strategies. CONCLUSION: Different feelings and challenges for the continuity of breastfeeding upon returning to work were identified; some strategies found were common to other working women while others related to the specific nursing work context.

Continuing breastfeeding upon returning to work: feelings, challenges and strategies of breastfeeding nurses / Continuidad de la lactancia materna al reincorporarse al trabajo: sentimientos, retos y estrategias de madres enfermeras / Continuidade do aleitamento materno no retorno ao trabalho: sentimentos, desafios e estratégias de enfermeiras nutrizes

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe feelings, challenges and strategies related to the continuity of breastfeeding after returning to work in the perception of lactating nurses. Method: Descriptive, exploratory, qualitative study, with snowball sampling. Data collection occurred virtually between August and September 2020 in the State of Rio de Janeiro. Interface de R pour les Analyses Multidimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionnaires software and a thematic analysis were used. Results: 42 breastfeeding nurses participated and cited fear, missing the child, anguish, and pleasure in returning to work. Challenges such as lack of infrastructure for pumping the breast in health services, unfavorable scales, and multiple jobs were reported. Support networks, listening spaces, and appropriate times and places for breast milk pumping were mentioned as strategies. Conclusion: Different feelings and challenges for the continuity of breastfeeding upon returning to work were identified; some strategies found were common to other working women while others related to the specific nursing work context.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Describir sentimientos, desafíos y estrategias relacionados con la lactancia materna al regresar al trabajo, según la percepción de enfermeras lactantes. Método: Estudio descriptivo, exploratorio y cualitativo con muestreo de bola de nieve. La recolección de datos se llevó a cabo virtualmente entre agosto y septiembre de 2020 en el estado de Río de Janeiro. Se utilizaron el software IRAMUTEQ y una Revisión Temática. Resultados: Participaron 42 enfermeras lactantes que mencionaron sentimientos como miedo, nostalgia, angustia y placer al volver al trabajo. Los desafíos incluyeron falta de infraestructura para extracción de leche en los servicios de salud, horarios desfavorables y múltiples compromisos. Estrategias mencionadas incluyeron redes de apoyo, espacios de escucha y momentos y lugares adecuados para la extracción de leche. Conclusión: Se identificaron diferentes sentimientos y desafíos relacionados con la lactancia materna al regresar al trabajo, con estrategias comunes a otras mujeres trabajadoras y otras específicas del contexto de enfermería.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever sentimentos, desafios e estratégias relacionados à continuidade do aleitamento materno no retorno ao trabalho na percepção de enfermeiras nutrizes. Método: Estudo descritivo, exploratório, qualitativo, com amostragem por bola de neve. A coleta de dados ocorreu virtualmente entre agosto e setembro de 2020 no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Utilizou-se o software Interface de R pour les Analyses Multidimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionnaires e a Análise Temática. Resultados: Participaram 42 enfermeiras que citaram medo, saudade, angústia e prazer no retorno ao trabalho. Foram relatados desafios como falta de infraestrutura para ordenha nos serviços de saúde, escalas desfavoráveis e múltiplos vínculos. Foram mencionadas como estratégias redes de apoio, espaços de escuta, horários e locais adequados para ordenha. Conclusão: Foram identificados distintos sentimentos e desafios para a continuidade da amamentação no retorno ao trabalho; algumas estratégias encontradas foram comuns às mulheres trabalhadoras e outras relacionadas ao contexto laboral da enfermagem.

A influência do retorno ao trabalho no aleitamento materno de trabalhadoras da enfermagem / La influencia de la reincorporación al trabajo sobre la lactancia materna en trabajadoras de enfermería / The influence of returning to work on maternal breastfeeding in nursing workers

Resumo Objetivo analisar a influência do retorno ao trabalho de mães trabalhadoras da enfermagem no aleitamento materno. Método pesquisa qualitativa, desenvolvida por meio de formulário semiestruturado, via Google Forms, junto a 49 trabalhadoras de enfermagem do estado do Rio de Janeiro. Os dados foram submetidos à análise lexicográfica, com auxílio do software Interface de R pour Analyses Multidimensionnelles de Textes Et de Questionnaires (IRAMUTEQ), pelo método de Nuvem de Palavras e Classificação Hierárquica Descendente. Resultados o aproveitamento do corpus textual foi de 88,24%, gerando quatro classes de segmentos de texto. As principais influências do retorno ao trabalho na amamentação relatadas pelas participantes foram: a falta de apoio dos chefes e colegas de trabalho, a necessidade de local e tempo adequados para ordenha do leite materno, a diminuição na produção de leite por fatores inerentes ao trabalho e sobrecarga e ambientes insalubres de trabalho na enfermagem. Conclusão e implicações para a prática a identificação desses fatores possibilita a compreensão das demandas das nutrizes participantes e aponta para a necessidade de estratégias inovadoras, que garantam o direito das trabalhadoras, assim como adequações de infraestrutura em seus ambientes laborais.

Resumen Objetivo analizar la influencia de la reincorporación al trabajo sobre la lactancia materna de madres lactantes trabajadoras de enfermería. Método investigación cualitativa, desarrollada a través de un formulario semiestructurado, con utilización de Google Forms, con 49 trabajadoras de enfermería en el estado de Río de Janeiro. Los datos fueron sometidos a análisis lexicográfico, con el auxilio del software Interface de R pour Analyses Multidimensionnelles de Textes Et de Questionnaires (IRAMUTEQ), por los métodos de Nube de Palabras y Clasificación Jerárquica Descendente. Resultados el aprovechamiento del corpus textual fue del 88,24%, y se generaron cuatro clases de segmentos textuales. Las principales influencias de la reincorporación al trabajo sobre la lactancia materna señaladas por las participantes fueron: falta de apoyo de jefes y compañeros, necesidad de disponer de lugar y tiempo adecuados para el ordeñe de la leche materna, disminución de la producción de leche por factores inherentes al trabajo y sobrecarga e insalubridad de los ambientes de trabajo en enfermería. Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica la identificación de estos factores permite comprender las demandas de las madres lactantes participantes y señala la necesidad de adoptar estrategias innovadoras, que garanticen los derechos de las trabajadoras, además de adaptaciones de infraestructura en sus ambientes de trabajo.

Abstract Objective to analyze the influences of returning to work on maternal breastfeeding in mothers who are Nursing workers. Method a qualitative research developed through a semi-structured form, using Google Forms, with 49 female Nursing workers in the state of Rio de Janeiro. The data were submitted to lexicographic analysis, with the aid of the Interface de R pour Analyses Multidimensionnelles de Textes Et de Questionnaires (IRAMUTEQ) software, by the Word Cloud and Descending Hierarchical Classification methods. Results leverage of the text corpus was 88.24%, generating four classes of text segments. The main influences of returning to work on breastfeeding reported by the participants were as follows: lack of support from the management and coworkers, need for an adequate place and time for milking breast milk and decrease in milk production due to factors inherent to the work, in addition to overload and unhealthy working environments in Nursing. Conclusion and implications for the practice the identification of these factors enables understanding the demands of the participating nursing mothers and points to the need for innovative strategies, which guarantee the workers' rights, as well as infrastructure adaptations in their work environments.

Categorias institucionais das políticas de saúde no Brasil (1990-2017) / Institutional categories of health policies in Brazil (1990-2017) / Categorías institucionales de las políticas de salud en Brasil (1990-2017)

Objetivo: Identificar as categorias essenciais à forma institucional prevalentes das políticas públicas setoriais de saúde instituídas pelo Ministério da Saúde no período de 1990 a 2017. Método: Partindo-se do arcabouço teórico da Teoria Gramatical Generativa de Chomsky e da Hermenêutica Prescritiva de Schleiermacher, Dilthey e Betti como pressupostos, e com a Teoria Neo-Institucional como ancoragem teórica, foram identificados, no banco de dados de informação legislativa do Ministério da Saúde (Saúde Legis), o conjunto de normas infralegais que instituíram políticas setoriais de saúde no período de 20 de setembro de 1990 a 30 de março de 2017. A análise dos documentos de política respectivos permitiu a identificação de categorias essenciais à forma institucional das políticas setoriais de saúde. Resultados: Analisou-se uma amostra de 58 documentos de política. Do ponto de vista do objeto, as políticas que compuseram a amostra estavam voltadas para a organização da atenção (51,7%), a saúde pública (39,7%) e a organização e gestão do sistema de saúde (8,6%). Das políticas estudadas, 86,2% tinham norma instituidora. Os conceitos integrantes da forma institucional das políticas setoriais de saúde mais prevalentemente encontrados foram: objeto, objetivo ou propósito, território e diretrizes. Essas quatro categorias institucionais estão presentes em mais de 60% dos documentos de política. Prioridades, controle social (mecanismos, forma, relevância), financiamento e avaliação constituem categorias institucionais de menos de 30% das políticas analisadas. Os padrões de categorias institucionais variam segundo a natureza do objeto da política. Conclusões: Apenas um conjunto pequeno de categorias institucionais ­ objeto, objetivo ou propósito, território e diretrizes ­ é encontrado sistematicamente nos documentos de política.

Objective: To identify the prevailing institutional categories of health policies approved by the Ministry of Health from 1990 to 2017. Method: With the theoretical framework of Chomsky's Generative Grammar Theory; Schleiermacher, Dilthey and Betti's Prescriptive Hermeneutics, and the Neo-Institutional Theory, the regulations concerning health policies in Brazil between September 20, 1990 and March 30, 2017 were identified in the official database of the Ministry of Health (Saúde Legis). The analysis of the policy documents allowed for the identification of categories essential to the health policies institutional presentation. Results: 58 policy documents were retrieved from the databases surveyed. The policies of the research sample focused on the organization of care (51.7%), public health (39.7%) and organization and management of the health system (8.6%). Of the policies studied, 86.2% of them carried an institutional rule. The concepts more prevalent as part of the institutional presentation of health policies were the subject, purpose, territory and directives. These four institutional categories are present in more than 60% of policy documents. Priorities, social control (mechanisms, form, relevance), financing and evaluation constitute institutional categories of less than 30% of the policies analyzed. The patterns of institutional categories vary according to the nature of the policy subject. Conclusions: Only a small set of institutional categories ­ subject, purpose, territory and directives ­ are systematically found in health policy documents.

Objetivo: Identificar las categorías institucionales prevalentes de las políticas públicas de salud instituidas por el Ministerio de la Salud (Brasil) en el período de 1990 a 2017. Método: Partiendo del marco teórico de la Teoría Gramatical Generativa, de Chomsky, y de la Hermenéutica Prescriptiva, de Schleiermacher, Dilthey y Betti, y teniendo la Teoría Neo-Institucional, como anclaje teórico, fueron identificados, en el banco de datos de información legislativa del Ministerio de Salud (Saúde Legis), las normas infra legales que instituyeron políticas de salud en el período de 20 de septiembre de 1990 al 30 de marzo de 2017. El análisis de los documentos de política respectivos permitió la identificación de las categorías esenciales a la forma institucional de las políticas sectoriales de salud prevalentes em aquel período. Resultados: Se analizó una muestra de 58 documentos de política, orientadas, segun el objeto, hacia la organización de la atención (51,7%), a la salud pública (39,7%) y a la organización y gestión del sistema de salud (8,6%). De ellas, el 86,2% tenía norma instituidora. Los conceptos integrantes de la forma institucional de las políticas de salud más prevalentemente encontrados fueron: objeto, objetivo o propósito, territorio y directrices. Estas cuatro categorías institucionales están presentes en más del 60% de los documentos de política. Prioridades, control social (mecanismos, forma, relevancia), financiamiento y evaluación constituyen categorías institucionales de menos del 30% de las políticas analizadas. Los patrones de categorías institucionales varían según la naturaleza del objeto de la política. Conclusiones: Sólo un conjunto pequeño de categorías institucionales ­ objeto, objetivo o propósito, territorio y directrices ­ se encuentra sistemáticamente en los documentos de política

Ampliando os horizontes do Direito da Saúde / Broadening the horizons of Health Law / La ampliación de los horizontes de la Ley de Salud

Resenha do livro: Loureiro, J.; Pereira, AD; Barbosa, C. Direito da Saúde: estudos em homenagem ao Prof. Dr. Guilherme de Oliveira. Coimbra: Almedina, 2016, que congrega capítulos ricos em doutrina para o direito da saúde.

A Certificação de Entidades de Assistência Social na área da saúde: alterações normativas 2008-2016 / The Social Assistance Entities Certification in healthcare: legislative changes 2008-2016 / La Certificación de Entidades de Asistencia Social en Salud: cambios normativos 2008- 2016

A contratualização de estabelecimentos de saúde pelos gestores públicos é uma realidade em todo território nacional para complementar a rede pública na efetivação do direito constitucional à saúde. O presente artigo teve como escopo realizar levantamento das alterações legislativas ocorridas entre o período de 2008 a 2016 para concessão e renovação do Certificado de Entidades Beneficentes de Assistência Social na área da saúde-CEBAS-SAÚDE. O estudo tem natureza descritiva e analítica, a partir da pesquisa normativa. Dos nove atos normativos que tratam sobre o assunto, verificou-se modificações significativas quanto aos legitimados para obtenção do CEBAS-SAÚDE, à competência para certificar as entidades postulantes, ao prazo de validade e do pedido de renovação e as alternativas para não prestação de 60 % dos serviços de saúde ao Sistema Único de Saúde-SUS. Conclui-se que houve alterações favoráveis às entidades beneficentes da área da saúde, mas isso não significa necessariamente incremento à rede pública de saúde.

The hiring of healthcare companies by public managers is a reality throughout the country to complement the public health system net in the realization of the constitutional right to health. This article was scoped to carry out a survey of legislative changes between the period 2008 to 2016 for concession and renewal of the Social Welfare Charitable Entities Certificate in Health-CEBAS-SAÚDE. The study has descriptive and analytical nature, from the legislative research. From 9 legal acts that deal with the subject, there has been significant changes as to legitimized to obtain the CEBAS-SAÚDE, the competence to certify candidates entities, the expiration date and the renewal application and the alternatives for not providing 60 % of health services to the SUS Health System. It follows an amendment favorable to the charitable health organizations, but that does not necessarily mean increasing and improvement the public health system and must to be analysed and discussed.

La contratación de los servicios de salud por los administradores públicos es una realidad en todo el país para complementar el público en el ejercicio del derecho constitucional a la salud. Este artículo fue con ámbito para llevar a cabo un estudio de los cambios legislativos entre el período de 2008 a 2016 para la concesión y renovación del Certificado de Entidades de Bienestar Social en salud-CEBAS-SALUD. El estudio es la naturaleza descriptiva y analítica, de la investigación normativa. A partir de nueve actos normativos que tienen que ver con el tema, ha habido cambios significativos en cuanto a legitimado para obtener el CEBAS-SALUD, la competencia para certificar candidatos entidades, la fecha de vencimiento y la solicitud de renovación y las alternativas para no proporcionar 60 % de los servicios de salud a la Salud-Sistema SUS. De ello se desprende una modificación favorable para las organizaciones de salud de caridad, pero eso no significa necesariamente un incremento el aumento de la salud pública.

Genome-wide screening and identification of new Trypanosoma cruzi antigens with potential application for chronic Chagas disease diagnosis.

The protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi is the etiologic agent of Chagas disease, an infection that afflicts approximately 8 million people in Latin America. Diagnosis of chronic Chagas disease is currently based on serological tests because this condition is usually characterized by high anti-T. cruzi IgG titers and low parasitemia. The antigens used in these assays may have low specificity due to cross reactivity with antigens from related parasite infections, such as leishmaniasis, and low sensitivity caused by the high polymorphism among T. cruzi strains. Therefore, the identification of new T. cruzi-specific antigens that are conserved among the various parasite discrete typing units (DTUs) is still required. In the present study, we have explored the hybrid nature of the T. cruzi CL Brener strain using a broad genome screening approach to select new T. cruzi antigens that are conserved among the different parasite DTUs and that are absent in other trypanosomatid species. Peptide arrays containing the conserved antigens with the highest epitope prediction scores were synthesized, and the reactivity of the peptides were tested by immunoblot using sera from C57BL/6 mice chronically infected with T. cruzi strains from the TcI, TcII or TcVI DTU. The two T. cruzi proteins that contained the most promising peptides were expressed as recombinant proteins and tested in ELISA experiments with sera from chagasic patients with distinct clinical manifestations: those infected with T. cruzi from different DTUs and those with cutaneous or visceral leishmaniasis. These proteins, named rTc_11623.20 and rTc_N_10421.310, exhibited 94.83 and 89.66% sensitivity, 98.2 and 94.6% specificity, respectively, and a pool of these 2 proteins exhibited 96.55% sensitivity and 98.18% specificity. This work led to the identification of two new antigens with great potential application in the diagnosis of chronic Chagas disease.

Identification of strain-specific B-cell epitopes in Trypanosoma cruzi using genome-scale epitope prediction and high-throughput immunoscreening with peptide arrays.

BACKGROUND: The factors influencing variation in the clinical forms of Chagas disease have not been elucidated; however, it is likely that the genetics of both the host and the parasite are involved. Several studies have attempted to correlate the T. cruzi strains involved in infection with the clinical forms of the disease by using hemoculture and/or PCR-based genotyping of parasites from infected human tissues. However, both techniques have limitations that hamper the analysis of large numbers of samples. The goal of this work was to identify conserved and polymorphic linear B-cell epitopes of T. cruzi that could be used for serodiagnosis and serotyping of Chagas disease using ELISA. METHODOLOGY: By performing B-cell epitope prediction on proteins derived from pair of alleles of the hybrid CL Brener genome, we have identified conserved and polymorphic epitopes in the two CL Brener haplotypes. The rationale underlying this strategy is that, because CL Brener is a recent hybrid between the TcII and TcIII DTUs (discrete typing units), it is likely that polymorphic epitopes in pairs of alleles could also be polymorphic in the parental genotypes. We excluded sequences that are also present in the Leishmania major, L. infantum, L. braziliensis and T. brucei genomes to minimize the chance of cross-reactivity. A peptide array containing 150 peptides was covalently linked to a cellulose membrane, and the reactivity of the peptides was tested using sera from C57BL/6 mice chronically infected with the Colombiana (TcI) and CL Brener (TcVI) clones and Y (TcII) strain. FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS: A total of 36 peptides were considered reactive, and the cross-reactivity among the strains is in agreement with the evolutionary origin of the different T. cruzi DTUs. Four peptides were tested against a panel of chagasic patients using ELISA. A conserved peptide showed 95.8% sensitivity, 88.5% specificity, and 92.7% accuracy for the identification of T. cruzi in patients infected with different strains of the parasite. Therefore, this peptide, in association with other T. cruzi antigens, may improve Chagas disease serodiagnosis. Together, three polymorphic epitopes were able to discriminate between the three parasite strains used in this study and are thus potential targets for Chagas disease serotyping.

Occupational rhinoconjunctivitis and bronchial asthma due to Acalypha wilkesiana allergy.

BACKGROUND: Acalypha wilkesiana, or copperleaf, is a plant of the Euphorbiaceae family. Although it is widely known as an outdoor ornamental plant, no cases of A. wilkesiana allergy have been reported to date. OBJECTIVE: To describe a patient with occupational respiratory allergy to A. wilkesiana. METHODS: Extracts from A. wilkesiana leaves and flowers were used for skin prick testing, specific conjunctival and bronchial challenge tests, and in vitro studies. These studies range from A. wilkesiana specific IgE determination to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis immunodetection of A. wilkesiana protein bands in patient serum samples and immunoblot inhibition by preincubation with Salsola kali and Chenopodium album pollen extracts. RESULTS: Our patient had positive skin prick test reactions to A. wilkesiana leaf and flower extracts; negative reactions were found in a control group of 20 atopic patients. On immunodetection of A. wilkesiana extracts in patient serum samples, as many as 9 different IgE-binding proteins, with apparent molecular weights of 16 to 86 kDa, were revealed. Preincubation with S. kali and C. album pollen extracts completely inhibited IgE binding to the A. wilkesiana extract. Specific bronchial challenge resulted in a spirometric 30% decline in forced expiratory volume in 1 second with respect to baseline 1 minute after 1:100 (vol/vol) A. wilkesiana extract solution inhalation; 2 atopic controls had negative bronchial challenge test results. CONCLUSION: Acalypha wilkesiana is a new etiologic agent for IgE-mediated occupational respiratory allergy.

Genetic basis of the latex-fruit syndrome: association with HLA class II alleles in a Spanish population.

BACKGROUND: The latex-fruit syndrome is a well-defined disorder whose genetic background has not been elucidated. OBJECTIVE: To study the genetic basis of the latex-fruit syndrome. METHODS: In a case-control study, we have investigated a carefully selected group of patients allergic to latex, searching for association between latex-fruit allergy and HLA class I and II genes, HLA-DR functional groups, and markers IL4-R1 and FcepsilonRI-betaca . RESULTS: Seventy-eight patients allergic to latex without spina bifida, 33% of them also allergic to fruits, were included in our protocol. Skin prick test results with both a commercial latex extract and purified hevein were significantly greater in patients allergic to latex and fruit than in patients allergic to latex and not fruit. A cutoff point of >7 mm for commercial latex skin prick test diagnosed latex-fruit allergy with a sensitivity of 66.7% (95% CI, 41.0-86.6) and a specificity of 83.3% (95% CI, 68.6-93.0) in our series of patients. No significant differences were found regarding HLA class I, IL4-R1 , or FcepsilonRI-betaca allele distributions. However, comparison of HLA class II allelic frequencies between patients allergic to latex and fruit and patients allergic to latex and not fruit showed significant associations of latex-fruit allergy with DQB1 *0201 (corrected P value, .001; odds ratio, 7.3; 95% CI, 2.6-20.0), as well as with HLA-DR functional group E (corrected P value, .028; odds ratio, 16.0; 95% CI, 1.9-134.1). When comparing allelic distribution among different subgroups of patients allergic to latex, additional significant associations of latex-fruit allergy with DRB1 *0301 and *0901, and of latex and not fruit allergy with DQB1 *0202, DRB1 *0701 and *1101, were demonstrated. CONCLUSIONS: Latex-fruit allergy is associated with HLA-DQB1 *0201, DRB1 *0301, and *0901, as well as with HLA-DR functional group E, whereas latex-not-fruit allergy is associated with DQB1 *0202, and with both DRB1 *0701 and *1101 alleles.

[Evaluation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in a cohort of patients with HIV infection in Mexico]. / Evaluación de la terapia antirretroviral muy activa (TARMA) en una cohorte de pacientes con infección por VIH en México.

BACKGROUND: The use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection induces suppression of viral replication, which has been associated with a significant decrease in disease progression. The use of HAART in open populations may have a different efficacy rate than that reported in controlled clinical trials. OBJECTIVE: To describe the frequency of use of HAART and the rate of successful responses, and to identify the factors associated with therapeutic failure. METHODS: A cohort study was conducted in an open Mexican community attending the AIDS clinic of the Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ). We included 155 HIV-infected patients admitted to the clinic between January 1997 and January 2000, who started HAART and had a minimum follow-up of 6 months and at least one viral load determination after starting treatment. Clinical characteristics, HIV viral load, and CD4+ T lymphocyte counts were analyzed. RESULTS: Sixty four percent of our study population achieved undetectable viral load after initiation of treatment, and 50% maintained this response during a mean follow-up period of 13.8 months. In the multivariate analysis, factors associated with therapeutic failure were: previous use of antiviral therapy, weight loss greater than 10% during treatment, and receiving HAART outside of a clinical trial. CONCLUSIONS: The use of HAART in this setting had a very low success rate, similar to that reported in other studies. The use of suboptimal therapeutic regimens should be discouraged. Identification of the factors underlying the high success rate seen in controlled clinical trials as compared to the use of HAART in the community may help improve the overall results of this therapy.

Uso de gammaglobulina hiperimmune específica en el tratamiento de la enfermedad meningocócica B / Use of specific hyperimmune gammaglobulin in the treatment of meningococcal B disease

Se presentan los datos de 85 pacientes pediátricos con enfermedad meningocócica (meningococemia y meningoencefalitis), tratdos con gammaglobulina hiperinmune obtenida a partir de plasmas de donantes voluntarios inmunizados con la vacuna antimemingocócica BC de producción nacional. Se realiza una comparación de los porcentajes de supervivencia de ese grupo de pacientes con una serie que no recibió esta terapéutica, según formas clínicas y factores de mal pronóstico previamente establecidos. También se presentan elementos esenciales de la producción y controles de calidad de este biopreparado y se discuten posibles mecanismos de acción inmunorreguladora y homeostática del producto en cuanto a su uso en el tratamiento de la enfermedad meningocócica

Uso de gammaglobulina hiperimmune específica en el tratamiento de la enfermedad meningocócica B / Use of specific hyperimune gammaglobulin in the treatment of meningococcal B disease

Se presentan los datos de 85 pacientes pediátricos con enfermedad meningocócica (meningococemia y meningoencefalitis), tratdos con gammaglobulina hiperinmune obtenida a partir de plasmas de donantes voluntarios inmunizados con la vacuna antimemingocócica BC de producción nacional. Se realiza una comparación de los porcentajes de supervivencia de ese grupo de pacientes con una serie que no recibió esta terapéutica, según formas clínicas y factores de mal pronóstico previamente establecidos. También se presentan elementos esenciales de la producción y controles de calidad de este biopreparado y se discuten posibles mecanismos de acción inmunorreguladora y homeostática del producto en cuanto a su uso en el tratamiento de la enfermedad meningocócica (AU)