Internal and External Training Workload Quantification in 4 Experienced Paracanoeing Athletes.

CONTEXT: Paracanoeing is one of the adapted sports eligible for different motor impairments. The acute:chronic workload ratio (ACWR) is an index between acute and chronic training workload. However, no studies have analyzed this variable in paracanoeing, relating it with training recovery markers. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to quantify the internal (session rating of perceived exertion) and external (distance traveled and total training time) training workloads in 4 experienced paracanoe athletes over 9 months and 5 canoeing events. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Rehabilitation Hospital Network, Paralympic Program. PARTICIPANTS: Four experienced paracanoe athletes participated in 36 weeks of training for 5 events. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES: The daily and weekly training workload, monotony, ACWR, distance, and total training time were described for all the training phases. The perceived recovery status scale (PRS) and medicine ball throw (MBT) were used to quantify recovery. RESULTS: The average daily and weekly training workload varied from 213.1 to 239.3 and 767.3 to 1036.8 arbitrary units, respectively. Average ACWR results ranged from 0.96 to 1.10 in the 4 athletes, findings that were outside the safety zone in 38% of the training weeks. All the correlations between MBT and PRS were classified as weak (ρ between .20 and .39, P > .05). ACWR showed a very weak correlation with MBT and moderately and highly significant correlations with PRS in 2 athletes, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The training workloads of 4 paracanoe athletes may serve as a comparison with other periodization models. Pretraining recovery assessments (MBT and PRS) exhibited a low, nonsignificant correlation. However, ACWR correlated significantly with PRS in 2 athletes and might be a suitable tool for daily training adjustments.

Is Perceived Exertion a Useful Indicator of the Metabolic and Cardiovascular Responses to a Metabolic Conditioning Session of Functional Fitness?

The purpose of this study was to assess whether the self-regulation of training intensity based on rating of perceived exertion (RPE) is a reliable method to control the intensity during metabolic conditioning sessions of functional fitness. In addition, the relationship between RPE and the changes in heart rate, number of repetitions, and lactate responses was also analyzed. Eight male participants (age 28.1 ± 5.4 years; body mass 77.2 ± 4.4 kg; VO2 max: 52.6 ± 4.6 mL·(kg·min)-1 completed two sessions (five to seven days apart), in a randomized order, under different conditions, as follows: (1) all-out (ALL), or (2) self-regulation of intensity based on an RPE of six (hard) on the Borg CR-10 scale (RPE6). The rating of perceived exertion, lactate (LAC), and heart rate (HR) response were measured before, during, and immediately after the sessions. The RPE and LAC during the all-out sessions were higher (p < 0.0005) than the RPE6 session for all of the analyzed time points during the session. There was no difference in the HR area under the curve for the all-out and RPE6 sessions. The average number of repetitions performed was lower (p ≤ 0.009) for the RPE6 session (190.5 ± 12.5 repetitions) when compared to the all-out session (214.4 ± 18.6 repetitions). There was a significant correlation between the RPE and LAC (p = 0.005; r = 0.66; large) and number of repetitions during the session (p = 0.026; r = 0.55; large). No correlation was observed between the RPE and HR (p = 0.147; r = 0.380). These results indicate that the self-regulation of intensity of effort based on the RPE may be a useful tool to control the exercise intensity during a metabolic conditioning session of functional fitness.

Efeitos do treinamento de força a longo prazo sobre parâmetros hemodinâmicos e concentração de resistina em mulheres na pós-menopausa / The effects of long term strength training on hemodynamic parameters and resistin level in postmenopausal women / Efectos del entrenamiento de fuerza a largo plazo en los parámetros hemodinámicos y concentración de resistina em mujeres posmenopausia

Investigar a influência do treinamento de força (TF) sobre a concentração sorológica de resistina e pressão arterial de mulheres na pós-menopausa. Métodos: Estudo longitudinal, realizado na Universidade Federal de São Carlos, do qual participaram 23 mulheres sedentárias na pós-menopausa. O TF apresentou duração de 13 meses (dez/2008 a jan/2010), com duas sessões semanais, cada uma consistindo em três séries de 8-12 repetições máximas e um exercício para cada grupo muscular principal. Foi avaliada a força muscular máxima nos seguintes exercícios: supino, leg press 45° e flexão do cotovelo em pé. A concentração sérica de resistina foi determinada pelo método ELISA. No processamento estatístico, utilizou-se o ANOVA (com medidas repetidas) para comparar os momentos Pré, 6 meses e 13 meses (p<0,05). Para avaliar as correlações resistina × pressão arterial, resistina × força muscular e força × pressão arterial, utilizou-se o teste de correlação de Pearson. Resultados: As mulheres apresentaram o seguinte perfil antropométrico: 61,33±3,8 anos; estatura de 148,5±32,7 cm; massa corporal de 67,56±10,85 kg. O TF induziu a redução da concentração de resistina (30272,4±8100,1 versus 16350,6±2404,6 pg/mL) e pressão arterial sistólica (120,5±11,8 versus 115,8±1,6 mmHg), e o aumento da força muscular no leg press 45o (172,3±27,3 versus 348,6±40,8 kg), supino (31,9±4,1 versus 41,8±5,6 kg) e flexão docotovelo (21,0±2,4 versus 26,5±2,9 kg) após os 13 meses (p<0,05). Conclusão: Os resultados deste estudo revelaram que o TF a longo prazo aumenta a força muscular máxima, diminui a pressão arterial sistólica e os níveis séricos da resistina ? alterações fisiológicas benéficas para a redução do risco de doenças cardiovasculares em mulheres na pós-menopausa...

Investigate the influence of strength training (ST) on serum resistin levels and blood pressure of postmenopausal women. Methods: Longitudinal study conducted at the Federal University of São Carlos with twenty-three sedentary postmenopausal women. The ST lasted 13 months (Dec./2008 to Jan./2010) and consisted of two weekly sessions with three sets of 8-12 maximum repetitions and one exercise for each main muscle group. Maximum muscular strength was tested in the following exercises: bench press, 45° leg press, and standing arm curl. Serum resistin level was determined using the ELISA method. ANOVA (with repeated measures) was used for the comparisons between periods Pre-, 6 months and 13 months (p < 0.05); Pearson?s correlation test was used to evaluate the correlations between resistin × blood pressure, resistin × muscle strength and strength × blood pressure. Results: Women presented the following anthropometric profile: 61.33±3.8 years; height 148.5±32.7 cm; body mass 67.56±10.85 kg. The ST decreased resistin levels (30272.4 ± 8100.1 to 16350.6 ± 2404.6 pg/mL) and systolic blood pressure (120.5 ± 11.8 to 115.8 ± 1.6 mmHg), and increased muscular strength in the leg press 45o (172.3 ± 27.3 to 348.6 ± 40.8kg), bench press (31.9 ± 4.1 to 41.8 ± 5.6 kg) and arm curl (21.0 ± 2.4 to 26.5 ± 2.9 kg) after 13 months (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study revealed that long-term ST increases maximum muscular strength, decreases systolic blood pressure and serum resistin levels, which are beneficial physiological alterations that reduce the risk for cardiovascular diseases in postmenopausal women...

Investigar la influencia del entrenamiento de fuerza (EF) sobre la concentración serológica de resistina y presión arterial em mujeres posmenopausia. Métodos: Estudio longitudinal realizado en la Universidad Federal de São Carlos en el cual participaron 23 mujeres sedentarias posmenopausia. El EF tuvo duración de 13 meses (diciembre de 2008 a enero de 2010) con dos sesiones semanales, siendo cada sesión constituida de tres series de 8-12 repeticiones máximas y un ejercicio para cada grupo muscular principal. Fue evaluada la fuerza muscular máxima en los siguientes ejercicios: supino, leg press 45° y flexión de codo de pie. La concentración sérica de resistina fue determinada por el método ELISA. En el procesamiento estadístico se utilizo ANOVA (con medidas repetidas) para las comparaciones entre los momentos pre, 6 meses y 13 meses (p < 0,05); se utilizó La prueba de correlación de Pearson para evaluar las correlaciones entre resistina × presión arterial, resistina × fuerza muscular y fuerza × presión arterial. Resultados: Las mujeres presentaron el siguiente perfil antropométrico: 61,33±3,8 años; altura 148,5±32,7 cm; masa corporal 67,56±10,85 kg. El EF llevó a La reducción de la concentración de resistina (30272,4±8100,1 versus 16350,6±2404,6 pg/mL) y presión arterial sistólica (120,5±11,8 versus 115,8±1,6 mmHg) y aumento de fuerza muscular en el leg press 45º (172,3±27,3 versus 348,6±40,8 kg), supino (31,9±4,1 versus 41,8±5,6 kg) y flexión de codo (21,0±2,4 versus 26,5±2,9 kg) después de los 13 meses (p < 0,05). Conclusión: Los resultados del estudio revelaron que el EF a largo plazo aumenta la fuerza muscular máxima, disminuye la presión arterial sistólica y los niveles séricos de la resistina, alteraciones fisiológicas benéficas para la reducción del riesgo de enfermedades cardiovasculares em mujeres posmenopausia...